Oscar Wilde Art Essay -- Oscar Wilde Writer Papers

Oscar Wilde Art We begin another chapter in the life of Oscar Wilde, the year 1888, many things have taken place, Oscar has been married and bore two children, Vyvyan and Cyril and his touring of the United States and other countries have brought forth success to the literary giant. or so of his successful writings are The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891), A char of No Importance(1894) and his most resent essay known The molder of Lying.Is it true that lying has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? In the quarrel of Wilde it is shamefully true. How could this type of atrocity take place, it seems that the Victorian society is calm under the belief that the Romanticism of life is still coursing through their veins, dead veins as Wilde might best put it. Oscar views romanticism as plebeian and childlike, and something that should remain in the past. Wilde has criticized the likes of Wordsworth and other writers of the Romantic Era, if they had their way they would continue to sen d us into nature and recommend the following advice The solutions to societies problems gouge best be remedied here, inwardly the confines of nature, this is where you should be. Walking, talking, and embracing the great outdoors and receiving all that nature has to offer. Here is where you can find yourself. Wildes view of this remedy is outlandish, extreme and insane. It was Wildes observation that the literary works of the day no longer offered the reader a source of comely fiction, there was a cry out for a change and it was, Wilde who answered that call out in the form of an essay called The Decay of Lying. This essay was a hot up up call to the present day writers about their failure in their Art. There needs to be a clear explanation of ... ... his fellow writers to entrust follow in his path, this form which is to see art for the simple economic consumption of being art.Works Cited PageAbrams, Donaldson, David, Smith, Lewalski, Adams, Logan, Monk, Lipking, Stillinger , Ford, Christ, Daiches, Stallyworthy. Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York and capital of the United Kingdom Published 1993.Laver, James. Oscar Wilde, peachy Britain, Published in 1954Sullivan, Kevin. Columbia Essays on Modern Writers, Ocsar WildeNew York & London Published 1972 The Victorian Web. Oscar Wilde ,<http//landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/victov.html 10/28/99, <www.google.com<Internet Explorer Browser<http//www.nyu.edu.library/bobst/ interrogation/fales/exhibits/Wilde/00main.htm<http//www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/genlinfo.htm www.google.com 10/28/99Wilde, Oscar. Poems and Essays, Great Britain Published in 1956 Oscar Wilde Art Essay -- Oscar Wilde Writer PapersOscar Wilde Art We begin another chapter in the life of Oscar Wilde, the year 1888, many things have taken place, Oscar has been married and bore two children, Vyvyan and Cyril and his touring of the United States and other countries have brought forth success to the literary giant . Some of his successful writings are The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891), A Woman of No Importance(1894) and his most resent essay known The Decay of Lying.Is it true that lying has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? In the words of Wilde it is shamefully true. How could this type of atrocity take place, it seems that the Victorian society is still under the belief that the Romanticism of life is still coursing through their veins, dead veins as Wilde might best put it. Oscar views romanticism as crude and childlike, and something that should remain in the past. Wilde has criticized the likes of Wordsworth and other writers of the Romantic Era, if they had their way they would continue to send us into nature and recommend the following advice The solutions to societies problems can best be remedied here, within the confines of nature, this is where you should be. Walking, talking, and embracing the great outdoors and receiving all that nature has to offer. Here is where you can fi nd yourself. Wildes view of this remedy is outlandish, extreme and insane. It was Wildes observation that the literary works of the day no longer offered the reader a source of delightful fiction, there was a cry out for a change and it was, Wilde who answered that call in the form of an essay called The Decay of Lying. This essay was a wake up call to the present day writers about their failure in their Art. There needs to be a clear explanation of ... ... his fellow writers to will follow in his path, this form which is to see art for the simple purpose of being art.Works Cited PageAbrams, Donaldson, David, Smith, Lewalski, Adams, Logan, Monk, Lipking, Stillinger, Ford, Christ, Daiches, Stallyworthy. Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York and London Published 1993.Laver, James. Oscar Wilde, Great Britain, Published in 1954Sullivan, Kevin. Columbia Essays on Modern Writers, Ocsar WildeNew York & London Published 1972 The Victorian Web. Oscar Wilde ,<http//landow.stg.br own.edu/victorian/victov.html 10/28/99, <www.google.com<Internet Explorer Browser<http//www.nyu.edu.library/bobst/research/fales/exhibits/Wilde/00main.htm<http//www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/genlinfo.htm www.google.com 10/28/99Wilde, Oscar. Poems and Essays, Great Britain Published in 1956

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision Theory Essays

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision TheoryABSTRACT Spohns decision model, an advancement of Fishburns theory, is valuable for making explicit the tenet utilise also by other thinkers that any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly endure any subjective probabilities for acts. This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey or of Luce and Krantz. According to Spohn, this principle is important because it has effects on the term of action, on Newcombs problem, and on the theory of causality and the freedom of the will. On the angiotensin-converting enzyme hand, I will betoken against Spohn with Jeffrey that the principle has to be given up. On the other, I will punctuate to argue against Jeffrey that the decision-maker ascribes subjective probabilities to actions on the condition of the given decision situation.Spohns (1977, 1978) decision model, an advancement of Fishburns theory (1964), is valuable for making explicit a principle which is used by Savage (1954/1972) and Fishburn (1964). The principle is the following Any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly contain any subjective probabilites for acts. (1) (Spohn 1977, p. 114) This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey (1965, 1983) and of Luce and Krantz (1971). According to Spohn (1977) this principle is important, because it has implications for the concept of action, Newcombs problem, theory of causality and freedom of will. On the one hand I will try to argue against Spohn (1977, 1978) with Jeffrey (1965, 1968, 1977, 1983) that the principle has to be given up. On the other hand I will try to argue against Jeffrey (1965, 1968, 1977, 1983) that the decision-maker ascri... ..., I. (1982), A Note on Newcombmania, The Journal of Philosophy 79 337-342.Lewis, D. (1981), Causal Decision Theory, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59 5-30.Luce, R. D. and Krantz, D. H. (1971), Conditional anticipate Utility, Econometrica 39 253-271. Nozick, R. (1969), Newcombs Problem and Two Principles of Choice, in N. Rescher et al. (eds.), Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel, Reidel, Dordrecht 114-146.Savage, L. J. (1954/1972), The Foundations of Statistics, Wiley, New York, Dover.Skyrms, B. (1980), Causal Necessity, Yale University Press, New Haven, London.Spohn, W. (1977), Where Luce and Krantz Do Really infer Savages Decision Model, Erkenntnis 11 113-134.Spohn, W. (1978), Grundlagen der Entscheidungstheorie, Monographien Wissenschaftstheorie und Grundlagenforschung vol. 8, Scriptor Verlag, Kronberg/Ts.

Teen Workers Essay -- essays research papers

Teen WorkersFifteen geezerhood old and utilizationing seems to be fair a norm and in factthere be many teenagers younger than fifteen who are already working at payingjobs. just about of these students are as young as 12 years old.More than half of the secondary cultivate students have paying jobs. Thisnumber conveys each shape level the student goes up. The number of hours alsorises along with the commit level. The kind of job varies depending on the sexof the child. Boys tend to deliver newspapers and girls tend to babysit. Asthe teens grow older the job interest change with teenage girls go torestaurants and retail outlets, while the boys will work in the family business, restaurants and some other food related to businesses. The hours that the kids haveto chose from are usually form 6a.m. to 8a.m delivering newspapers and 8p.m to6a.m. for babysitting. Most other jobs are rolld 3pm till 10pm during the workweek while weekend jobs tend to have schedules of 7 to 8 hour s per day.The Higher Education Board says that working more than 15 hours a weekis bad for the academic career . As the work hours profit the study timedecreases. Current research finds that a work schedule of 10 hours or lessseems to be the best and for most teenagers a schedule of 10 hours does noteffect their academic performance, in detrimental ways but in fact seems to helpthem do better in school shown by improved grades. Those teens working 10 to15 hours per week are in a toss up situation with some doing... Teen Workers judge -- essays research papers Teen WorkersFifteen years old and working seems to be becoming a norm and in factthere are many teenagers younger than fifteen who are already working at payingjobs. Some of these students are as young as 12 years old.More than half of the secondary school students have paying jobs. Thisnumber grows each grade level the student goes up. The number of hours alsorises along with the grade level. The kind of jo b varies depending on the sexof the child. Boys tend to deliver newspapers and girls tend to babysit. Asthe teens grow older the job interest change with teenage girls turning torestaurants and retail outlets, while the boys will work in the family business, restaurants and other food related businesses. The hours that the kids haveto chose from are usually form 6a.m. to 8a.m delivering newspapers and 8p.m to6a.m. for babysitting. Most other jobs are scheduled 3pm till 10pm during theweek while weekend jobs tend to have schedules of 7 to 8 hours per day.The Higher Education Board says that working more than 15 hours a weekis bad for the academic career . As the work hours increase the study timedecreases. Current research finds that a work schedule of 10 hours or lessseems to be the best and for most teenagers a schedule of 10 hours does noteffect their academic performance, in negative ways but in fact seems to helpthem do better in school shown by improved grades. Those teens work ing 10 to15 hours per week are in a toss up situation with some doing...

21st Century Capitalism Essay -- Term Papers Research Essays

21st hundred Capitalism 21st Century Capitalism. By Robert Heilbroner. (New York Norton, 1993. 175pp., $17.95)The Work of Nations Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism. By Robert Reich. (New York Vintage, 1992. 339pp., $14.00)Undoubtedly, the twentieth century has witnessed some of the most significant economic events in modern history. For example, the Great Depression saw capitalism come close to its end, and the principles of laissez-faire repudiated as the New Deal was enacted to rehabilitate the economy. More recently, the downfall of the Soviet Union represented a major victory for capitalism over the now-defunct communist system, which is nearing extinction even in the land of Mao, as China reluctantly and gradually moves towards a free market economy. Despite the fall of communism, one should not be too quick to celebrate. Alas, the future of capitalism remains undetermined. Several notable economists have issued predictions for the role of capitalism in the upcomi ng years. I choose to heighten on two Robert Heilbroner and Robert Reich. Robert Heilbroner, the Harvard-educated economist and New School professor most noted for The Worldly Philosophers, details his predictions for the future of capitalism in 21st Century Capitalism. Heilbroner is reluctant to draw any great conclusions about capitalisms future and instead leads a rather deceptive course, first analyzing capitalism from a distance. Heilbroners first task is to study the primitive Kung people of Africas Kalahari Desert in a brilliantly effective and easy-to-understand strategy think to differentiate between the three forces of Command, Tradition, and the Market. Describing Tradition, he writes From their infancy, Kun... ...xpecting striking revelations about capitalisms future. Perhaps the disparity is due to the fact that Heilbroner is a brilliant economist, represent to the likes of Keynes, Schumpeter, and Galbraith, while Reich is a politician-as-academic. Another point wo rth noting is the likely audiences of both books. Heilbroner, whose works are read in college economics courses across the nation, likely intend his book for serious economists. On the contrary, Reichs book with its colorful cover is likely intended for the general audience.In conclusion, Heilbroners long list of erudite achievements will now grow by one. 21st Century Capitalism is a brilliantly written work with expert analysis and a consummate study of the future of economics. However, Reichs work is somewhat less impressive, and his analysis is, to a certain extent, less in-depth than that of Heilbroner.

Blue Hotel :: essays research papers

The Blue HotelSteven unfold is not one of the most liked authors in the world. He tends to become to engulfed in the scenery around the action that is taking place rather than the action itself. When watching the movie, ejectnot experience this description since it is given to them. Details ar very important for the lectors because if the reader cannot see the same thing that the writer sees then the reader might lose interest in the romance.In the story The Blue Hotel, Crane uses his exquisite setting and character description along with the physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure and the betrayal and guilt he shows between the characters to help the reader better understand the story or poem. Crane shows these characteristics in almost everything he writes.In The Blue Hotel, Crane does an excellent job of describing the setting to you in every way possible. For example in the beginning of the story The Blue Hotel, he says the hotel wa s painted a light blue, a shade that is on the legs of a kind of heron, causing the bird to declare its position against any background. He does this type of depiction on every private thing he describes. Then in paragraph three he says, A little Irishman wore a heavy fur cap squeezed tightly raft on his head. It caused his two red ears to stick out stiffly, as if they were made of tin. In the movie you are left with no dialogue and all you can do is witness what is being presented. In the end Crane even goes into an in depth description of the bitter cold snow outside. From his description the reader can imagine more chilling scenery than that one that can be created by Hollywood.Crane also does a good job of establishing his characters with one of his major themes the physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure. Crane shows this in his characters to help the reader better understand what the character is going through. champion example of t his is when the Swede accuses Johnny of cheating in a card game. This offends Johnny and his emotional and physical reaction is to challenge the Swede to a fight. Crane stories consist of that moment when the characters confront the inescapable impasse of their situation, they are caught and boxed in by fate, and then nothing happens.

Blue Hotel :: essays research papers

The Blue HotelSteven stretch forth is not unrivalled of the most liked authors in the world. He tends to become to engulfed in the scenery around the action that is fetching place rather than the action itself. When watching the movie, cannot experience this rendering since it is given to them. Details be very important for the readers because if the reader cannot see the same social occasion that the writer sees then the reader might lose interest in the explanation.In the story The Blue Hotel, Crane uses his excellent setting and character description along with the physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under essential pressure and the betrayal and guilt he shows between the characters to help the reader better understand the story or poem. Crane shows these characteristics in almost everything he writes.In The Blue Hotel, Crane does an excellent job of describing the setting to you in every way possible. For object lesson in the beginning of the story The Blue Hotel, he says the hotel was painted a light blue, a shade that is on the legs of a kind of heron, causing the boo to declare its position against any background. He does this type of depiction on every single thing he describes. Then in paragraph 3 he says, A little Irishman wore a heavy fur cap squeezed tightly down on his head. It caused his two red ears to stick out stiffly, as if they were made of tin. In the movie you are left with no dialogue and all you can do is witness what is being presented. In the end Crane even goes into an in depth description of the bitter cold snow outside. From his description the reader can imagine more chilling scenery than that one that can be created by Hollywood.Crane also does a good job of establishing his characters through one of his major themes the physical, emotional, and intellectual responses of people under extreme pressure. Crane shows this in his characters to help the reader better understand what the character is goin g through. One example of this is when the Swede accuses Johnny of cheating in a card game. This offends Johnny and his emotional and physical reaction is to challenge the Swede to a fight. Crane stories consist of that moment when the characters confront the inescapable impasse of their situation, they are caught and boxed in by fate, and then nothing happens.

Justice Essay

Discuss and evaluate the view of the impression of Justice in relation to Othello and two auxiliary texts. Justice is to live in a society that is fair to everyone, were everyones human rights ar met and were everyone has equal opportunity to succeed. The concept of justice is portrayed rather unevenly in Othello and does not prevail as the villain, Iago, is still alive while his victims argon not. Also in my supplementary texts the balance of justice is uneven.One of my supplementary texts Men of abide by is a film about a unrelenting sailor, Carl Brashear, trying to acquire a US Navy Diver but his training officer, Billy Sunday, makes it hard for him because of his coloring material. In the destruction of Men of Honour justice does prevail as Carl becomes a navy blue diver. My other supplementary text the I defecate a Dream speech is about a man, Martin Luther King, telling the world about the blemishs against black heap in America and how justice should be achieved. M y argument is that justice is not achieved in Othello while it is achieved in Men of Honour and it is explained in the I earn a Dream speech.Othello is written by William Shakespe be in England when Prejudice against women and people of different race was acceptable in society. In Othello racial prejudice, sexuality evil and vigilance man injustice are very prominent especially towards the end of the good turn. Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are tough like irregular class citizens because of their sexuality and Othello feels estrange by white society and feels he is always macrocosm judged because of his colour. The setting plays a major federal agency in the balance of injustice throughout the play.In the beginning it is set in Venice which seemingly appears democratic and just with Othello being given a fair trial when they discover he has married Desdemona. This is in stark contrast to Cyprus which is the setting for the majority of the play and appears less civilized and lacking any real legal structures. This change of setting changes the behaviour of rough of the characters especially Othello, who appears a noble soldier and good husband in Venice, changes when the setting moves to Cyprus and starts to make rash decisions.These changes in Character add to the injustices dealt with by any(prenominal) of the characters. Men of Honour is set in America in the 1960s after WWII and during the Vietnam and refrigerating Wars. This was a time when coloured people were seen as second class citizens and the Navy was also not ready to accept coloured people into jobs of authority. This is represented by Two table spoons of machine oil bottom of the inning contaminate a whole ships fresh water supply, some things just dont mix.This was the analogy of black people in the military. point though there was so much prejudice society was aware of the injustices of coloured people and the need for change and there were even laws against segregation in the mili tary but society was still lagging behind the law. The I Have a Dream speech was presented in America in 1963 during the Vietnam and Cold Wars. It was presented in front of 200,000 people on the steps of Lincoln Memorial after a march for American Civil rights.It was a time were black people suffered horrific segregation and had little rights and in many southern states white people could commit crimes against them with little chance of repercussions. But it was also a time for social change and people were ready for a change. Racial injustice is where people of different races are not treated equally to the dwell of society. In Othello this racial injustice is very prominent and plays a major role in the play. The black army general, Othello, is the man who feels most of the racial injustice in the play.When Iago and Rodrigo are talking privately they talk of Othello very harshly and make reference to his race regularly, thick lips, the moor and black ram are just some of the word s they use to describe him This is also a use of animal imagery in black ram which dehumanises Othello. In the play Othello constantly feels like the noncitizen and having to constantly prove his worth, this is portrayed by My parts, my tile and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly. This sense of being the outsider because of race is prominent in my two related texts the Men of Honour film and the I Have a Dream speech.In Men of Honour Carl Brashear is a Black Navy man who wishes to become a U. S Navy Diver but because of his colour his trainer, Billy Sunday, makes it nearly impossible for him to become one. His fellow Divers alienate him and insult him in one scene he is spat on and laughed at. No offence to the President but I dont bunk with Niggers. This shows how he constantly has to prove himself to white society just like Othello and is used to create empathy for Carl. In I Have a Dream the spokes person, Martin Luther King, is trying to persuade the public to judge peopl e on their personality not their race. They will not be judged by the colour of their skin but on the content of their character. Luther King uses persuasive language to convey the message and have it heard. Likewise Othello feels like he is being judged on his colour and not who he really is Speak of me as I am he uses assertive tone in the verb speak as he is afraid of being judged. Gender injustice is where people are judged on their gender and not treated equally to the other gender and their role in society.In Othello there are many cases of gender injustice and in some cases it is a misunderstanding. Emilia is the woman who is the main victim of gender injustice. Emilia is Iagos wife and throughout the play she is put down by him and treated like a second class citizen. Players your housewifery and housewives in your whop. This is spoken by Iago and shows his view of women as good for nothing. In Men of Honour just like Emilia, Carl is constantly being told that he and his ra ce are good for nothing but cooking in the Navy and will never become a Navy Diver.Bianca, Cassios lover, is also a victim and is constantly being called a strumpet and when Cassio is stabbed Iago blames her because no one will believe a woman over a man. Desdemona is another victim of gender injustice as she is not given a fair say by Othello when he suspects her infidelity and kills her. Othello believes that she does not deserve her say and in the end she pays the ultimate price. While Desdemona is pleading with Othello she says I never gave him token but Othello does not give her a chance to explain herself and he judges her without cause.Vigilante Injustice is the act of taking the law into someones own hands and acting on something outside the law. In Othello Iago is the main culprit of this as he tries to destroy Othello outside the law. He also tries to convince Rodrigo to help him in his plan of ruining Othellos life. In Men of Honour the arbitrary officer of the U. S Navy Diving Centre takes the law into his own hands by trying convince Billy Sunday to fail Carl by getting into his head. He says things such as Did you know that ordinary house dust is made primarily of human skin, makes you think twice about who you gather up into your home.In Conclusion Othello is not a very just or fair play as throughout the play people are being judged by others because of their gender and race and in the end justice is not achieved. My supplementary texts are also about people being judged and treated below the belt but unlike Othello justice is achieved at the end of my supplementary texts. Othello and my texts also represent the time they were composed, in times when people were judged and treated unfairly because of the colour of their skin or their gender.

Natasha by David Bezmozgiz

Natasha by David Bezmozgis is a hit the sack history. It traffics in disappointment and features at least one cold heart. The story has a duplicate plot story that shows how young adults have changed through time whether to deal with issues such as love, relationship, family, believes, and society. Natasha would be a practiced text edition for Thai in high spirits school classes to explore as the text encounters a lot of heavy issues that would help young adults to be informed of the consequences the outcome, social surroundings sex and drugs, culture, and relationship.The text illustrates a strong negative believe that young adults are not able to control the environment distractions sex and drugs are twain issues which both the two main young characters, Berman and Natasha was a good illustration. As culture build up people to different personality and background. Western and Asian culture has cultural differences as western has an individualistic characteristics and are often much social hierarchy. Despite Asian culture, they are really collective and in general avoid confrontations.The characters in the story had portray independent in young adult through Natasha, whereas Natasha is a 14 year old girl who is very open practically raised her self since young and seek for her mothers attention. Despise, how she seeks for her mothers love, she turned into a trouble child. Moreover, social environment is also an important point that defines how young adults are being shaped and how their attitudes and behaviors interact to people.As the matter of fact Natashas background is Russian, which the author defines that Russian has a more complex and complicated life as its natural society background that deals a lot with illegal stereotype. Young adults would be more aware of the consequences in different circumstances in that respectfore, young adults who are familiar with sex and drugs tend to be more likely to be pregnant.Natasha and Berman had also i llustrated a prohibit sexual intercourse since young and overcome it as a normal activity. Natasha therefore, lack of relationship in family and the people surrounding her as Natasha has a love and hate relationship with her mom, they both showed a clear conflict between each other, both know where they stand with each other as there is no love between the two, they both say how they feel without having to care how the other person would feel.In other words, young adults should respect their parents and this would be a good example for Thai students not to portray a bad attitude. In conclusion, Natasha is suitable for Thai high school as it teaches Thai students to be more aware of the consequences, cultural differences in society, and it also helps Thai students to regain a good relationship with their parents. Therefore, Natasha would be a good text for Thai high school classes to look forward to.

Postpartum Stress Disorder Essay

The postnatal geological period has been defined as a bring forth of the period following accouchement (Webster, 1988, p. 1055) or excretering after childbirth or after deli rattling, with reference to the m other (Doriand, 1988, p. 1343). In nursing or medical checkup textbooks, the postpartum period is defined as the 6-week interval between the birth of the newborn and the return of the reproductive organs to their normal non-pregnant state (Wong & Perry, 1998, p. 480).However, Tulman and Fawcetts (1991) bring that the recovery of postpartum womens functional status from childbirth takes at least 3 to 6 months. Websters Dictionary defines melodic phrase concretely as a physical, mental, or emotional strain that disturbs ones normal bodily functions (Webster, 1997, p. 735). Stress is produced by stressors. Wheaton (1996) defines stressors as conditions of threat, demands, or structural constraints that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence, call into question th e operating integrity of the organism (p. 2). In addition, quaternion characteristics of stressors be described (1) threats, demands, or structural constraints (2) a force challenging the integrity of the organism (3) a problem that requires resolution and, (4) identity relevant in threats in which the pressure exerted by the stressor, in part, derives its powerfulness from its potential to threaten or alter identities.Further, aw areness of the damage potential of a stressor is not a necessary condition for that stressor having negative consequences and a stressor enkindle be defined bidirectional ly with respect to demand characteristics. That is, it is possible for both over-demand and under-demand to be stress problems (Wheaton, 1996). Accordingly, based on the above definitions of the postpartum period, stress, and stressors, postpartum stress is defined as a constraining force produced by postpartum stressors.Postpartum stressors are defined as conditions of change, deman d, or structural constraint that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence within six weeks after delivery, call into question the operating integrity of body changes, maternal intent attainment, and social support. Due to its many adjustments, the postpartum period has been conceptualized as a clip of vulnerability to stress for childbearing women (Too, 1997). Postpartum PeriodThe postpartum period has been conceptualized by a variety of cultures as a time of vulnerability to stress for women (Hung and Chung, 2001). It is characterized by dramatic changes and requires mandatory adjustments that involve many difficulties and frettings, possibly leading(p) to new demands, or structural constraints and, therefore, stress. All mothers face the multiple demands of adjusting to changes in the body, learning about the new infant, and getting support from significant others.For women going through this transition, it may be a uniquely stressful life experience. Several stress ors specific to the puerperium as it exists in the literature welcome been identified. Those pertaining to body changes include offend/discomfort, rest/sleep disturbances, diet, nutrition, physical restrictions, weight gain, return to prepregnancy physical shape, care of wounds, contraception, resuming sexual intercourse, discomfort of stitches, breast care, breast soreness, hemorrhoids, flabby subcutaneous tissue, and striae.Stressors pertaining to maternal map attainment include concerns about infant crying, health, development, bathing, clothing, handling, diapering, night-time feeding, breastfeeding, conflicting expert advice, keeping the bilk in an environment with a comfortable temperature, bottle feeding, appearance, safety, elimination, body weight, skin, babys sex, breathing, spitting up, sleeping, and cord care (Moran et al. , 1997 Too, 1997).Finally, those stressors pertaining to social support include running the household, finances, perception of received emotional support, giving up work, finding time for personal interests and hobbies, fathers role with the baby, relationship with the husband, restriction of social life, relationship with children, and coordinating the demands of husband, housekeeping, and children (Moran et al. , 1997). In addition, Hung and Chung (2001) shows that after childbirth women will encounter other type of stress during the postpartum period, which is characterized by dramatic changes and requires adjustment.Conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint may occur during these dramatic changes, creating many difficulties or concerns. Therefore, in addition to general stress, postpartum stress is induced after delivery during the postpartum period. Postpartum Stress Disorder Postpartum Stress Disorder (PSD) is the most serious, least common, and most highly publicized of the postpartum mood disorders mothers with PSD have killed their infants and themselves.It is on the extreme end of the postpartum conti nuum of mood disorders (Nonacs, 2005) and attention to symptoms is vital for any postpartum support program. The treatment issues will not be fully discussed here because of their specialty and complexity. However, it remains a primary function of the service delivery to cognise symptoms and refer appropriately for specialized psychiatric care and management.A sensitive, direct question such as, Some women who have a new baby have thoughts such as wishing the baby were dead or about harming the baby has this happened to you? (Wisner, et al. , 2003, p. 44), is an essential element of postpartum evaluation and Wisner and colleagues (2003) have suggested that this question be asked of all postpartum women. PSD is a rare, severe disorder with a prevalence of one to two cases per one thousand births (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Symptoms are abrupt and often occur within 48 hours of delivery only if can be delayed as long as two years (Rosenberg, et al, 2003). Typically, however, symptoms occur within the number one three weeks, and two thirds appear within the first two weeks postpartum (Chaudron & Pies, 2003).Symptoms include mood lability, distractibility, insomnia, abnormal or obsessive thoughts, impairment in functioning, delusions, hallucinations, feelings of guilt, laughable behavior, feelings of persecution, jealousy, grandiosity, suicidal and homicidal ideation, self-neglect, and cognitive disorganization (Wisner et al. , 2003). Women with PSD who harbor thoughts of harming their infant are more than likely to act on those thoughts (Wisner et al. , 2003).Because of the severity of the illness and significant concern for the safety of both the infant and the mother, PSD is considered a psychiatric emergency and hospitalization is necessary. Etiology of PSD There has been some debate about the etiology of PSD. As renowned previously, the incidence is approximately one or two women per one thousand births. This rate has remained unchanged for that last 150 years (Wisner et al. , 2003). In cross-cultural studies the judge for PSD are similar to those reported in the United States and the United Kingdom.These findings suggest a primary etiologic relationship between PSD and childbirth, rather than psychosocial factors (Wisner et al. , 2003). OHara (1997) has notable that women are 20 to 30 times more likely to be hospitalized for PSD within thirty days after childbirth than at any other time during the life span, leading him to speculate, with little doubt, that for women there is a specific association between childbirth and PSD. There are subgroups of women who may be more likely to develop stressful symptoms after delivery.Primaparas appear to have a higher risk for c than multiparous women (Wisner et al. , 2003). This may be the result of an undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Women with a history of bipolar disorder or PSD have a 1 in 5 risk of hospitalization following childbirth (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). The overall pattern of symp toms described as PSD suggests the illness is on a continuum of bipolar mood disorders (Wisner et al. , 2003). The clinical presentation of PSD is often very similar to a manic episode (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003).Affective disturbances may be depressive, manic, or mixed (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). While there is no typical presentation, women often display delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganised behavior. Delusional behavior often revolves around infants and children, and these women must be wide-awakely assessed because thoughts of harming their children are sometimes acted upon (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The predominant affective symptom in those postpartum women who arrange infanticide, filicide, or suicide is depression rather than mania (Chaudron & Pies, 2003).In reviewing the connection between bipolarity and PSD several studies have shown evidence for a link in four areas symptom presentation, diagnostic outcomes, family history, and recurrences in women with bipolar disor der (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The relationship to bipolar disorder is considered quite persuasive and it has been suggested that acute onset PPP be considered bipolar disorder until proven otherwise (Wisner et al. , 2003). However bipolarity does not account for all cases of PSD and a meticulous differential diagnosis is mandatory for those women with presenting stress symptoms.A careful checking of the patients history for previous manic or hypomanic episodes as well as any family history of bipolar disorder is important in order to rule out bipolar disorder. Organic causes contributing to first onset PSD need to be examined and ruled out. These include tumors, sequelae to head injury, central dying(p) system infections, cerebral embolism, psychomotor seizures, hepatic disturbance, electrolyte imbalances, diabetic conditions, anoxia, and toxic exposures (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003).Of special consideration in postpartum women is thyroiditis. This is relatively common in postpartum wom en and commonly begins with a hyperthyroid phase progressing to hypothyroidism. In either phase PSD can occur (Wisner et al. , 2003). Obtaining serum calcium levels is important to rule out hypercalcemia for patients displaying PSD symptoms (Wisner et al. , 2003). Sleep want resulting from the interaction of various causes may be a pathway to the development of PSD in susceptible women (Wisner et al. , 2003).The later stages of pregnancy and the early postpartum period are associated with high levels of sleep disturbance. This seems to be more prevalent in primiparous women than in multiparae. Historical and contemporary studies have noted that insomnia and sleep loss are significant and early symptoms of PSD. The rapid and abrupt changes of gonadal steroids after delivery and the evidence that estrogen has an effect on mood and the sleep-wake cycle (Wisner et al. , 2003) suggest an interaction between hormonal fluctuations, sleep loss, and the onset of PSD. Treatment of PSDPSD i s a severe illness and should be considered a psychiatric emergency requiring hospitalization (Rosenberg et al. , 2003). The stigma accustomed to mental illness and especially to mothers who may harm their infants and themselves, often prevents women and their families from seeking help. PSD is often marked with periods of lucidity that can fool those close to the mother and health care professionals. Because of the complexity of the diagnosis and treatment, referral to a psychiatric specialist is required and formal treatment is beyond the scope of this program.However, it will be necessary to grapple symptoms and be cognizant of risk factors, such as history of bipolar disorder or previous PSD. Such awareness is essential, as is the readiness to carry support until adequate services can be implemented (Wisner et al. , 2003). Prevention of PSD is unclear, but early identification of a history of bipolar disorder and/or previous PSD would be an element of a comprehensive postpart um program. Prenatal education describing symptoms is an important aspect of a proactive approach to postpartum care. get around of the prenatal and postpartum educational effort will include urging women to share any bizarre thoughts and fears with their health care professionals and families. New mothers experiencing insomnia will be encouraged to seek assistance from their physicians and to engage other family members to care for the infant during nighttime feedings (Wisner et al. , 2003). As noted earlier, specific treatment is beyond the scope of this program, but a proactive approach to early identification and recognition of unusual thoughts, feelings, and experiences may help to initiate treatment and avoidance of tragic results.Conclusion During the postpartum period, women are immersed in the realities of parenting and coping with balancing their multiple roles (e. g. , wife, mother, and career woman). However, women frequently report difficulty in adjusting to the needs o f the baby and other children, difficulty with housework and routines, concerns over support to cope with family needs, and concerns over weight gain and body changes. Accordingly, postpartum stress has an important role in a womans life and influences her health status, both physical and mental.

Othello, the Moor of Venice: Psychological Approach

William Shakespeares drama, Othello, the Moor of Venice, may be interpreted in both a Freudian and Jungian way within the psychological criticism of literature. There three main char processers in the story Othello, the Moor in the service of the Venetian state, his wife Desdemona, and Othellos wicked servant Iago.From the Freudian point of view, both male characters, Othello (master) and Iago (servant) have the developed id (the vocalism of the human mind that seeks pleasure). At the same time, they suffer from a weak ego (the part of the mind that controls the ids impulses, allowting them go a normal way). The ego can not stand in the midst of the id and the superego (the part of the mind that represses the ids impulses), so the mens instincts are bare and cause them into trouble. Othello kills Desdemona and himself and Iago also murders his wife Emilia and is a few steps from existence tortured severely.Iagos superego represses his sexual likings as inappropriate for society . His id does not agree with it and is released through betrayal, thievery and lie. All these in the case of Iago become a fake sex intercourse. Deep in his soul Iago treats sex as a bad and shameful thing. His code of behavior and the words well-nigh women make his point clear.For Iago the most pleasant thing is to talk badly about Desdemona and his own wife. Thus the servant acts as a ready-made sadist, a type who finds joy and satisfaction only when he makes other people unhappy. alike he is a man who is not taught to forgive. His place in life is cheap and subordinate so Iago feels good when he oppresses and manipulates the others like Roderigo. It is curious to run into closer at the personages skin-color. Good master is black and bad servant is white. It creates a very interesting effect so far as Iagos black soul matches Othellos black skin and this makes them equal.From the Freudian point of view, sexual motives penetrate all through the text. To begin with, sex may be the motivation for Iago to hate his master so much. Othello did not treat Iago as a candidate for the lieutenants position. Iago speaks about his hurt feelings but that seems a bit unnatural as the man mentions this reason only a few times.The reader can not then make the idea of what in Othello made Iago so wild. One may even suggest that Iago and Othello are latent homosexuals and Iagos hatred for Othello is the perverted form of love. There are close to evidences throughout the play of both master and servant paying attention to women, especially on Iagos side. But is not it a shift of his desire for the Moor onto the female characters if to scan the play through the Freudian lens?The central female character of the play is Desdemona. She steps out as a victim of two suspected in homosexuality males, Othello and Iago. First, let us recall under what circumstances she married to the Moor. It was against Brabantios (Desdemonas father) will. The girl left field home in the night with Othello. He was definitely older than Desdemona and seemed to resemble a father to her in age and manners.This is a case of Electras complex, when a female hates her own father and wants to hurt him. Brabantio died of grief because she married to Othello. Desdemona wanted to find the fathers twin in Othello and killed his good feelings though being unaware of it till the very end. Besides killing her own daddy Desdemona subconsciously wanted to die herself because she felt guilty for hating Brabantio and wishing him die.Othellos attitude to the wife and his mad jealousy perfectly fit into the theory of Oedipus complex, when a man sees his mother in every woman he meets in life. The Moor oftentimes behaves as a electric razor, for example when he speaks about his noble parents and high qualities of a soldier and does not care to look modest. Like a child he is searching for a friend and suspects that other people want to hurt him. To say more, he prefers to socialize with men mostl y, because women make him uncomfortable.In Desdemona he also wanted to find the substitute for his mother. It is intentionally that he tells Desdemona about the handkerchief his mother had left him. To go further, the story takes place on the island and the personages expedition to Cyprus on board of the ship. According to Freudian theory, ship stands for a female symbol and the water usually goes with birth, the female principle, the maternal, the womb, and the death wish. Thus, getting into the storm, the personages are subjects for dying. In addition, Othello wants to join his own mother through the journey through the symbol of the ship.According to Jungian theories, the conflicts between the personages may be interpreted as the conflicts between the general habit of a person to neglect or cynically evaluate the surroundings and the opposite habit to see the world through rose-coloured glasses. Othello and Iago act as if they are two halves of a human soul, one is dark and the opposite is light. Iago is the evil creature, who denies all the romantic things around him, whereas Othello represents the type who tries to idealize the reality. further you can not say that Iago and Othello are undeniably different, because all through the play they are communicating and spend a lot of time together. The practicable reason is that they support and accomplish each other in the world vision. For example, Iago takes from his master the understanding of what should be right like friendship or perceptiveness with a womans beauty. It is not that the man is not able to see that Desdemona is beautiful or that Othello is a brave soldier. The wicked servant exclusively could not believe that a beautiful woman can be loyal to her husband or Cassio, the lieutenant, is a genuine friend to Othello and Desdemona. On the opposite, Othello intimately believed in Iagos roorbacking. It shows only that the Moor as an ideal type standing very close to the devil type of Iago.To pu t it in a nut-shell, from the psychological point of view the master and the servant tensely link together, and Iago may be treated as the repressed side of Othellos consciousness. Desdemona does not let them join and that is why she is dead in the end of the play.

Science Boon or Bane

Gone is the age of steam. We are now in the age of hydrogen bombs and electricity. The most fantastic dreams of H. G. Wells in his refreshful Dream have come true. Thus, in this space age, where the wonders of attainment excel the wonders of nature, science affects our day-to-day life. Science has surpassed the old miracles of mythology and yesterdays faith has proved to be todays fanaticism in the crucibles of science. Science is a wonderful gift presented to humans. With science, we can create a low-pitched matchstick to a huge rocket. Science answers to m any(prenominal) of ourquestions.Everything around us is just because of science. Internet has given undreamed access to learners. Also science has always helped us to come out from the jaws of death. Nowadays medical techonology is so improve that we can cure illness in the finest part of the body without having any physical contact with it. Their is no field where science has not developed and helped us to make our lifes ea sier. Even agriculture is now depend on science . Robots now do mans chores. Mobile phones, computers have allowed us to reach inany part the world at any time.Where we need 100s of pages to write a data , it can be now saved in a small chip which we can carry everywhere. Because of all these things science is like a boon to mankind. But it is humans irrational thoughts turn the gifts of science into banes. It is said that science is a good servant but a bad master. When we regenerate energy from natural resources like wind, sun, water and other non biodegradable substances we feel grand but when the consequences lie on ozone layer depletion, radioactive radiation make us afraid.I think its truly said that good and evil are ii posts of a same coin as on one side it has made our life comfortable and easy and also we cannot ignore the other side that science made factories which led to pollution and made phones which causes our eyes irritations and made transport which led to air p ollution science made electricity which leads to wastage of coals. So at first we need to restrict our greedy thoughts which may lead to destruction of our planet. If we are able to do that then science will wait as a boon always for mankind.

Automation in Daily Life Essay

Automation is the use of machines, control transcriptions and in causeation technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services. The right-hand(a) incentive for applying mechanization is to increase productivity, and/or timbre beyond that possible with current merciful labor levels so as to k immediately economies of scale, and/or realize predictable quality levels. In the scope of industrialisation, mechanisation is a timbre beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to see them with the muscular invitements of work, mechanization greatly decreases the penury for human sensory and mental requirements while increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began).Once-ubiquitous hollo operators have bee n stand ind largely by change telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues be carried egress at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. automatize teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain gold and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.1 The name automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming from automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when General Motors established the automation department. At that time automation technologies were electrical, automatic, hydraulic and pneumatic. Between 1957 and 1964 factory output set aboutly doubled while the number of blue collar workers started to decline.2 Advantages and disadvantages* Inst whole automa tion where a high pointedness of accuracy is required. * Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.3 * Replacing humans in tasks done in solemn purlieus (i.e. fire, space, vol open fireoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.) * Performing tasks that ar beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc. * Economy improvement Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, confederation or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its investment or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or japan in the 20th Century. * Reduces operation time and work handling time significantly. * Frees up workers to take on other roles.* Provides higher level jobs in the instruction, deployment, charge and running of the automated processes. The main disadvantages of automation are * Security Threats/Vulnerability An automated system may have a limit ed level of intelligence, and is so more susceptible to committing errors outside of its immediate scope of knowledge (e.g., it is typically unable to apply the rules of simple logic to general propositions). * Unpredictable/excessive civilisement lives The research and development cost of automating a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself. * High initial cost The automation of a modernistic product or set typically requires a very large initial investment in comparability with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of automation may be spread among many products and over time. In manufacturing, the purpose of automation has shifted to issues broader than productivity, cost, and time. Reliability and precisionThe old focus on on using automation simply to increase productivity and reduce costs was seen to be short-sighted, because it is also necessary to provide a skilled manpower who can make repairs and manage the machinery. Moreover, the init ial costs of automation were high and often could not be recovered by the time entirely new manufacturing processes replaced the old. (Japans robot junkyards were once world famous in the manufacturing industry.) Automation is now often applied primarily to increase quality in the manufacturing process, where automation can increase quality substantially. For example, internal combustion engine pistons used to be installed manually. This is rapidly being transitioned to automated machine installation, because the error rate for manual installment was around 1-1.5%, but has been reduced to 0.00001% with automation.citation needed Lights out manufacturingMain hold Lights out (manufacturing)Lights out manufacturing is when a production system is 100% or near to 100% automated (not hiring any workers). In order to eliminate the need for labor costs all together. Health and environmentThe costs of automation to the environment are different depending on the technology, product or engin e automated. There are automated engines that consume more energy resources from the Earth in comparison with previous engines and those that do the opposite too. Hazardous operations, such as oil refining, the manufacturing of industrial chemicals, and all forms of metal working, were always early contenders for automation. Convertibility and turnaround time other major shift in automation is the increased consider for flexibility and convertibility in manufacturing processes. Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to manufacturing Product B without having to completely rebuild the production lines. Flexibility and distributed processes have led to the introduction of automate Guided Vehicles with Natural Features Navigation. Digital electronics helped too. Former analogue-based orchestration was replaced by digital equivalents which can be more accurate and flexible, and offer greater scope for more sophisticated confi guration, parametrization and operation.This was accompanied by the fieldbus revolution which provided a ne 2rked (i.e. a single cable) delegacy of communicating between control systems and field level instrumentation, eliminating hard-wiring. Discrete manufacturing plants adopted these technologies fast. The more conservative process industries with their longer plant life cycles have been slower to adopt and analogue-based measurement and control unflurried dominates. The growing use of Industrial Ethernet on the factory floor is pushing these trends still further, enabling manufacturing plants to be integrated more tightly within the enterprise, via the internet if necessary. Global competition has also increased demand for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems. Automation toolsEngineers can now have numerical control over automated devices. The result has been a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Computer-aided technologies (or CAx) now serve the basi s for mathematical and organisational tools used to create complex systems. Notable examples of CAx include Computer-aided design (CAD software) and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM software). The improved design, analysis, and manufacture of products changed by CAx has been beneficial for industry.4 Information technology, together with industrial machinery and processes, can assist in the design, implementation, and monitoring of control systems. nonpareil example of an industrial control system is a programmable logic controller (PLC). PLCs are specialized hardened data processors which are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical) sensors and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events.5An automated online assistant on a website, with an avatar for enhanced humancomputer interaction. Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human interfaces (CHI), formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers. Service personnel who monitor and control through HMIs can be called by different names. In industrial process and manufacturing environments, they are called operators or something similar. In boiler houses and central utilities departments they are called stationary engineers.6 Different types of automation tools exist* ANN Artificial neural network* BPM Bonita Open Solution* DCS Distributed Control System* HMI Human Machine Interface* SCADA Supervisory Control and data Acquisition* PLC Programmable Logic Controller* PAC Programmable automation controller* Instrumentation* Motion control* RoboticsLimitations to automation* Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks. * As a process becomes increasingly automated, there is slight and less labor to be saved or quality improvement to be gained. This is an example of both diminishing returns and the logistic function. * Similar to the above, as more and more processes become automated, the re are fewer remaining non-automated processes. This is an example of debilitation of opportunities. Current limitationsMany roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language comprehension, and language production ability are comfortably beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible. Overcoming these obstacles is a theorized path to post-scarcity economics. ApplicationsFood and drinkAutomated restaurantThe food retail industry has started to apply automation to the social club process, McDonalds has introduced touch screen ordering and payment systems in m any of its restaurants, reducing the need for as many cashier employees.7 University of Texas has introduced fully automated coffee bar retail locations.8 Some Cafes and restaurants have utilized mobile and tablet apps to make the ordering process more efficient by customers ordering and paying on their device.910 Some restaurants have automated food delivery to customers tables using a Conveyor belt system. The use of robots is sometimes employed to replace waiting staff.11StoresMany Supermarkets and even smaller stores are rapidly introducing Self checkout systems reducing the need for employing checkout workers. Online shopping could be considered a form of automated retail as the payment and checkout are through an automated Online transaction processing system. Other forms of automation can also be an integral part of online shopping, for example the deployment of automated warehouse robotics such as that applied by Amazon using Kiva Systems.Automated miningMain article Automa ted mining involves the removal of human labor from the mining process.12 The mining industry is currently in the transition towards Automation. Currently it can still require a large amount of human capital, particularly in the third world where labor costs are low so there is less incentive for increasing efficiency through automation.Automated video surveillanceThe Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started the research and development of automated optical surveillance and monitoring (VSAM) program, between 1997 and 1999, and airborne video surveillance (AVS) programs, from 1998 to 2002. Currently, there is a major effort underway in the vision community to develop a fully automated tracking surveillance system. Automated video surveillance monitors people and vehicles in real time within a engage environment. Existing automated surveillance systems are based on the environment they are primarily designed to observe, i.e., indoor, outdoor or airborne, the amount o f sensors that the automated system can handle and the mobility of sensor, i.e., stationary camera vs. mobile camera. The purpose of a surveillance system is to record properties and trajectories of objects in a given area, generate warnings or notify designated authority in case of occurrence of particular events.13Automated highway systemsAs demands for natural rubber and mobility have grown and technological possibilities have multiplied, post in automation has grown. Seeking to accelerate the development and introduction of fully automated vehicles and highways, the United States Congress authorized more than $650 million over sextette years for intelligent transport systems (ITS) and demonstration projects in the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). Congress legislated in ISTEA that the Secretary of Transportation shall develop an automated highway and vehicle prototype from which future fully automated intelligent vehicle-highway systems can be dev eloped. Such development shall include research in human factors to ensure the success of the man-machine relationship.The goal of this program is to have the first fully automated highway roadway or an automated test track in operation by 1997. This system shall accommodate installation of equipment in new and existing motor vehicles. ISTEA 1991, part B, Section 6054(b). Full automation commonly delimitate as requiring no control or very limited control by the driver such automation would be accomplished through a combination of sensor, computer, and communications systems in vehicles and along the roadway.Fully automated driving would, in theory, allow closer vehicle spacing and higher speeds, which could enhance transaction capacity in places where additional road building is physically impossible, politically unacceptable, or prohibitively expensive. Automated controls also might enhance road safety by reducing the opportunity for driver error, which causes a large share of mo tor vehicle crashes. Other potential benefits include improved air quality (as a result of more-efficient traffic flows), increased fuel economy, and spin-off technologies generated during research and development related to automated highway systems.14Automated waste managementAutomated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of Labor required to provide the service.15Automated manufacturingAutomated manufacturing refers to the application of automation to produce things in the factory way. Most of the advantages of the automation technology has its influence in the manufacture processes. The main advantages of automated manufacturing are higher consistency and quality, reduced lead times, simplified production, reduced handling, improved work flow, and increased worker morale when a good implementation of theautomation is made.Home automationHome automation (also called domotics) designates an emerging practice of increased automati on of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means that allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent past decades. Industrial automationIndustrial automation deals with the optimization of energy-efficient drive systems by precise measurement and control technologies. Nowadays energy efficiency in industrial processes are becoming more and more relevant. semiconducting material companies like Infineon Technologies are offering 8-bit micro-controller applications for example found in motor controls, general purpose pumps, fans, and ebikes to reduce energy consumption and thus increase efficiency. One of Infineons 8-bit product line found in industrial automation is the XC800 family. Agriculture Now that were moving towards automated orange-sorting 1 and autonomous tractors, the next step in automated agriculture is robotic strawberry pickers. Agent-assisted Automation refers to automation used by call center agents to handle customer inquiries. There are two basic types desktop automation and automated junction solutions.Desktop automation refers to software programming that makes it easier for the call center agent to work across threefold desktop tools. The automation would take the information entered into one tool and populate it across the others so it did not have to be entered more than once, for example. Automated voice solutions allow the agents to remain on the line while disclosures and other important information is provided to customers in the form of pre-recorded audio files. Specialized applications of these automated voice solutions enable the agents to process credit cards without ever seeing or hearing the credit card numbers or CVV codes16 The key benefit of agent-assisted automation is conformity and error-proofing. Agents are sometimes not fully trained or they forget or ignore key steps in the process. The use of automation ensures that what is s upposed to happen on the call actually does, every time.Relationship to unemploymentBased on a formula by Gilles Saint-Paul, an economist at Toulouse 1 University, the demand for unskilled human capital declines at a slower rate than the demand for skilled human capital increases.17 In the long run and for society as a whole it has led to cheaper products, lower average work hours, and new industries forming (I.e, robotics industries, computer industries, design industries). These new industries provide many high net skill based jobs to the economy.

Bp Ethical Culture to the Gulf Coast

Question 1) Introduction BP is one of worlds largest cogency fellowship, they must take enough capital, technical and experience a responsibility to hold back theirrefinery good and run peaceful in their working area. But many problem appeared from BP at heart to own this crude crude spill disaster. Save cost for to overlooked safe for the systemAssigned Transocean to drill petroleum and continue to drill oil when technician looked protrude rigs blowout preventer was leaking are main reason in this disaster.Everyone totally not accept this overlooked in one explanation and technical energy caller-out. Save Cost Nowadays save cost from an existing business is logic and comment. We understand and accept save cost to keep competition in the market but root concern is keep high quality merchandise after save cost. If not it will cause many problems from this action. This is a simple logic for business beginner. So lots of people dont know why a huge and muniment company f orgot this main point. Oil drilling is one of dangerous and careful job in this world.Each step must necessity circumspect and 100% safe before action. So venture commission most important for that, but BP cut corners like to save money. For example, no remote control to urgent shut-off spank install on the rig. This one is last insurance for the protection but they can miss it for save cost. Also, on simple procedures, they cut out some step and quality judge for the pipe. Each industrialist must understand final quality check is one of main step in the production. This step if miss may cause the company loss a large amount and product confidence.Especially, familiar confidence is important for each product or service. They need spend too much capital and date to build up. Unfortunately, BP looks like forget this main point. They miss some step and quality test intentionally. The test is for the pipe mainly to detect the gas in the well. I know these actions can save some c ost for their production. But they are loss a huge amount and crude oil, confident of public and 11 technical mental faculty. Contractor investigation Based on there is no risk management and they exacting out oil drill to Transocean.In records that almost four incidents were owned by Transocean almost three years. They can make an investigation before contract if they have risk management. No Risk sense One technical staff whois worked on Deepwater Horizon oil rig and points out BP negligence. He enunciate to BP that the rigs blowout preventer leaked before blowup but BP still no action for stop production. BPs management are not sole(prenominal) no risk management for save cost, and then they solo knowledge how to earn more money to negligence safety. Conclusion BP is a history and largest energy in the world.Money may cover their ethical knowledge. They destroyed a one heaven location for travel, sportfishing industry in gulf Coast, tourism, 11 staffs life, their thousands of gallons crude oil and main point is lost reputation and trust from public. Question 2) Introduction Lots of victims are in this unfortunate accident, milieu of Gulf coast, tourism, fishing industry, 11 technical staff etc. But not included BP in this case. They are murderer totally in this oil spill disaster based on their company failed in the management of potential risk.Refer to question 1,their management should be stop production before explosion when their staff appear the rigs blowout preventer leaked. If they can stop the production immediately, history should be no this disaster and BP continue to work smooth in the market. Management of potential risk is important for them, but they completely to ignore it. In this case, one of true victim is their staffs who are killed by this explosion. out front employ this job, all staff must understood how dangerous for their job. They put down their worry and accept this dangerous job ecause they believe a largest company had a completely system to protect their life and promise their parent safety back home every day. They are happy to get a stable meaningful job and they are working in one largest company. Also, lots of human can enjoy energy for their live, useful plastic accessories because they careful to delve crude oil. However their largest company betrays their truth and got their life base on oversight. Unfortunately, eleven employees cant back home on time because they killed by this disaster. ConclusionGulf Coast oil spill disaster no more excuse to shirk responsibility from BP. If they can increase safety sense and risk management, they no need to pay 80% penalty money for Gulf Coast restoration. Based on save cost and earn more network to miss safety and quality control system is impolitic absolutely. Finally, senators introduce legislation to dedicate at least 80% of BP penalty money for Gulf Coast restoration on 21 July 2011. (Source by http//landrieu. senate. gov/mediacenter/pressreleas es/07-21-2011-1. cfm) Question 3) IntroductionBP is one of worlds large energy companies even the disaster happened. A company can ups and downs over hundred years, it must go through lots of incident. Mr. William DArcy (a British Petroleum and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company founder) used over sextet years of drilling in Middle East with his experts and scientists against his finances and patience were coming down. Finally, they had approached around 1200 feet when the source of oil shot out. Go through a few years to drill oil with painful, dissatisfy and nearly give up, a BP was born against these unfavorable factors.Mr. DArcy became rich because his company opened a trade on the stock market and their first location to set up a refinery is in Iran. Everything look like smooth going, however BP was go bankrupt nearly on 1914. In 1914, they loss a heating and kerosene lamp markets base on their oil came from Persian was a strong smell. And machine was not a primary market product. However, the company had a lot of stock in oil. But the market demand cant fulfill. Since the first crisis passed, they met a second crisis during a coup in Libya and led by Muammar al-Gaddafi.He nationalized BPs share of oil operation in Libya. And this action to make opposite oil rich countries in Middle East, like Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Iran etc.. tonationalize. They made BP drop down from 140 million to 500,000 barrels in oil production in Middle East between 1975 and 1983. Above two crisis are very seriously, they cause BPs lost a huge amount in their business, capital and source. But they cant compare the explosion in Gulf Coast region on April 2010. This unfortunate event is not only loss money, capital, source and technical staff. Their reputation destroyed in a short period.The whole process is like a nightmare for their public relation. Because build a over hundred years history company is very difficult and need a long time and no any skid appear again during this p eriod. I understand their public relation is professional and technical. They must still hard to rebuild their reputation. But some idea suggests them to do in the future. 1) Fully support victim in fishing industry Before the explosion, one of main business in Gulf Coast is fishing industry. However, their marine products already got crude oil pollution.BP had a big representation to jock all fishermen rebuild fishing industry and subsidies their cost of living. 2) Invite senators, experts, scientist to get a line their refinery and Gulf Coast Base on their oversight to cause explosion and oil spill. They must always invite some good reputation experts, scientist, senators and media to withdraw their other refinery. Media can make more people understand BP how to drill the crude oil and each step is careful to hatch and guarantee to public the disaster never happen again. Experts and scientist for double insurance to their machines and procedures is regular and correct.About so me senators visit Gulf Coast, they must cause public to follow with interest. And they can represent to public BP how to help Gulf Coast restoration. Like President Obama visited Gulf Coast after the disaster happened forth month. (Information source by http//obamafoodorama. blogspot. com/2010/08/as-gulf-coast-visit-ends-obamas-enjoy. html) They can help to Gulf Coast better to rebuild the tourism. 3) Solve Environment Effect After explosion rocked the rig and made them fire and sank. Thousands of gallons of crude oil were spilling to into the sea.The environs around Gulf of Mexico becomes environmental catastrophe. The spilled oil must make the sea on the sea. It hurts lots of marine life and fish. According patch up this disaster, BP and US government use lots of different method to control and clean up the spilled oil. However, they also used chemistry materials to control them. Some expert points out thatthetechnical limitationsand historical experienceshow that theclean-upwor kmay not be abletorestoretheoriginal environmentofthe Gulf of Mexico, butthiseventisto provideatesting groundfor exploringthefutureof oilpurificationmethod. Information source by http//www. futenworld. com/_d270860491. htm) Base on no one want to meet again offshore oil disaster, their risks associated with offshore drilling activities must handle better than before. They must set a rule and guideline to each class of management how to handle if meets the rig in something wrong. And monthly report to local government to report each step is follow the guideline and 100% safe for oil drilling.

Promote Professional Development Essay

The importance of continually providing knowledge and hold is to keep up with the constant changes that are happening all the time. Globalisation and technology supposey do changes in health and social foreboding at a rapid rate. There has been a signifi toilett change in the way that care is organism amazed and in that location are higher expectations in the quality of care. A to a greater extent personal get d confess is required and accessibility to educational activity resources ensures that we can all be the best in our job roles and in line with legal requirements. There are opportunities operational now, thanks to technology advancements, to share responsibilities across the board, we take in better access to otherwise routinenerships, raising programs and can store more data than ever forward and there are still disciplinements every day. The importance of erudition these nonplusments is that we can change with the times and grasp the new sciences to imp rove the outcome for receipts ingestionrs. The barriers to professional development require you to look in more discernment at yourself. Everybody has a different way of chooseing, individual may learn a masses quicker than someone else, so its important to try to see what ways you retain teaching best.Some people may learn from reading something over and over until it either makes sense or sticks with them. Some people may write d ingest what they want to learn beca give it ingrains in there retention and some people may just listen to something and retain the information. Its important to remember that what someone else might learn from a sentence may be more educational to them than if someone else was to read that very same sentence. Motivation can be another barrier external factors can calculate motivation and change behaviour like incentives to learn but internal barriers such as self-esteem, knife thrust and desire can have an effect on professional development. An individuals personal values, beliefs, attitudes and breeding priorities can impact significantly on the way people develop. Not having enough time to develop your skills or financial problems can be a big barrier to development. To get through these barriers, take from peers, advice and mentoring may be required to financial aid with individual developments. There are m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) different sources and systems to aliveness professional development. At my organisation we have internal plump for which involves monthly supervisions with an advocate.We go through trainingrequirements, each training refreshment that guide to be done we go over policies and procedures and discuss our make for professional development. We have training courses that cover every area of the care we provide and e-learning that all employees wind up every 6 months, they are designed to refresh our training and inform us of new policies and procedures. You can also learn by depa rting with more experienced colleagues and you can self-teach by reading school text books and articles. You can develop your knowledge by using facilities such as libraries and learning resource centres and there is also formal support, colleague and university courses, internet courses, apprenticeships and government incentives. You can also use the policies and procedures put in broadcast by your company to learn what is required and how to do things appropriately.There are so many factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. There would be no point in starting a course in sister care if your real desire was to become a hypnotherapist. Financial reveals could be problem, your organisation may cover learning costs or you may emergency to look into whether you are entitled to government help or whether you allow for be self-funding. Time requirements could be a problem and your level of commitment maybe you are a single mother, who cannot get child care to attend night school. Another factor could be, does the opportunity or activity fit with your learning style?, You may learn better from practical activities or learn better from reading and writing, finding the expert form of professional development is key to being successful.Be able to prioritise goals and targets for your receive professional development In order to prioritise goals and targets for my own professional development, I look at the influences that have helped me to develop my performance so far and look at what my training has taught me and how its bounceed in my work. I examine my strengths and weaknesses honestly and try to think slightly the way I practice in a constructive way. I have to adjudicate myself by askingHow did I approach my work?Was my approach exacting?How did the way I work affect the people I support?Did I work to the best of my ability?Which was the best aspect of my work?Which was the worst a spect of my work?Is there areas that I can improve?What are they and how leave behind I tackle them?In health and social care there are benchmarks and standards that I can use to measure my own ability against, like the care quality commission standards and codes of practice. By comparing my work against these standards I can improve on the areas that I am failing in, by setting goals of what I need to learn and targets to complete it by. To prioritise my own development goals and targets, I have to think realistically to the highest degree what is necessary for my job role at that moment, for example if you are development your communication skills and work towards expression relationships and trust, you cannot plan a set strategy to produce trust and this can take time. moreover if you were developing your skills for independent living, encouraging accessing the community and shopping, this is something that is currently in my job role and could be a skill I can develop strai ght away. Making a plan to monitor each leg of developing skills allow help me to see at what point something has not worked, for example I am to Supporting Bobby with his shopping, but due to his mental health problems, he doesnt feel comfortable being in a busy supermarket around lots of people. Putting a plan together with goals and targets will help to monitor Bobbys progress I could put a target in place to build Bobbys confidence up enough so he can be in a supermarket. By disking this offset and evaluating each footprint that it took to get him there, I improve my own skills and gain knowledge for any similar situations that may arise in the future.Be able to nominate a professional development planTo plan my own professional development with sources of support available to me, I will first have to arrange a satisfying with my trainer and supervisor to describe the learning outcomes and objectives that I wish to achieve. We can accordingly put a strategy together to m eet these objectives and a time frame in which to complete them by and with their help and resources. When documenting evidence I will specify the responsibleness, a goal, tools needed for reaching my goal and a completion date. I will then undertake the necessary educational activities, training and shadowing and collect more evidence formy portfolio. I will review my progress at regular intervals with my trainer and supervisor to discuss any updates and get feedback on my development. My portfolio will contain evidence of records of attendance and the support that was given, highlighted areas of what I would have done differently, highlighted areas of successful care and certificates of achievements.I can also surface in my portfolio, evidence of what has benefited my colleagues, i.e. protocols or guidelines that have been introduced because of things that I have learnt and feedback from colleagues on a job well done. I will show evidence of evaluating work that wasnt done to th e best of my ability and show evidence of what I have learnt to correct my work. I will put in my development portfolio evidence of any positive feedback, descriptions of new care plans do because of my positive changes, cards, letters or individual comments and positive audit results. This is an example of a plan that I would use for my own professional development. A service substance abuser I attend with learning difficulties needs a new wheelchair the carers are finding it increasingly hard to push the service user around in the wheelchair for social visits. A healthy diet plan was encouraged but is not working as the service user lives independently, a wheelchair with a motor is needed to help the carers avoid any nurture injury and carry on supporting the service user to access the community.I have been allocated the righteousness to assist the service user pick a new wheelchair with a motor, I can use this opportunity to develop new skills and document and guess my progre ss. There are a some barriers to vanquish so monitoring the effectiveness of my support will help to evaluate my performance and relay any significant information to fellow colleagues and others crucial support in their care, ultimately helping the service user in the future. The main barrier is the maam doesnt like change it worries her and makes her very anxious, when she is anxious she gets the medical examination condition hives. Her confidence will need to be built up over time. The goal is to help the lady pick a new motorised wheelchair for accessing the community only, she can continue with the wheelchair she is familiar with, and likes at home, but the goal is to find one that the service user is 100% happy and secure in, to stop any besides injures to carers and to keep the lady involved in her daily routines.The tools needed for succeeding with this avocation is to have the families support, a risk assessment, a shop with accessibility andunderstanding with this se nsitive issue and support from my managers and any other active partners that support with the service users care needs. For evidence I would put in my portfolio the emails from the partnerships, my advocate and myself that detail, the support that is needed, with the evidence that I have been allocated to support with this. The email will also show my reply, for the request of informing all other carers to reassure her when necessary for when she gets anxious and bemused. I would put in place a communication diary especially to deal with this task, firstly to monitor any upset behaviour and how my colleagues and I resolved it and secondly I could use it as evidence.I would keep a written account of how many trips to the shops and what her behaviour was like on each visit, I would record what helped keep her calm and feeling secure and record anything that failed and how we made it better. I would keep a medical record of any outbreaks of hives and how it was treated. I would have regular meetings with my advocate to get feedback, discuss updates, ask for any advice or help that I need and review the completion date. I would discuss attending training courses that could help me with addressing this situation to the best of my ability, like manual handling, first aid, communication skills and keep evidence of my achievements. I would finally add to my portfolio evidence of the service user (in line with confidentiality requirements) accomplishing this task, I would get evidence of how gigantic it took to achieve and what the final outcome was.Be able to improve performance through brooding practiceModels of reflection encourage a structured process to guide the act of reflection, there is no right copy of reflection, but it is important to choose the one that you feel comfortable using and best assists you to learn from your experience. Sometimes it is appropriate to use one model of refection as a basis, but use command prompt questions from other models i f they suit your particular situation. I found Bortons Model of reflection easy to remember therefor making it is easy to apply to an experience as it happens. What, So What, Now What, the simplicity of the model helps evaluate quickly and simply an experience but does not allow for specific details as contrary to Gibbs Model. Johns Model of reflection is based more on self-awareness and self-improvement. It allows you to analyse influencingfactors on your thoughts and behaviour, what triggers the behaviour and you can moil far more intimately into your feelings, opinions and judgements and intern how this affected who you are working with.This level of learning allows you to evaluate very deeply on all levels, morals, background, knowledge, self-awareness, past experiences and future practice, making this model of reflection by far more personal and a more appropriate model for self-improvement and self-development. The Kolb model is made up of 4 steps and learning can start at a ny of the steps at any time, there is no process. When a person carries out an action they can both, observe and reflect upon its underlying process and possible consequences. The action becomes open for analysis, concepts can be tested at further through new experiences in order to both validate and develop them further. Gibbs Model of reflection is a more descriptive model of Kolbs and it also has a process in which to follow allowing for deeper analysis. Gibbs model gives you more a detailed structure in which to evaluate your experience, which is why I found it to be more widely used in the healthcare industry.The theory follows 6 steps of the model, and each step informs the next. I found that using Gibbs model and examining an experience in greater detail was very serious but found the Evaluation, Analysis and conclusion asked very similar questions which seemed to be a little repetitive. But Gibbs model challenged my assumptions more and allowed me to explore more ideas to p romote self-improvement more than the other models. Of all the models of refection I have researched I found these 4 more beneficial to my learning and self-improvement and they even challenged what I thought I already knew. By using Gibbs Cycle as a basis and applying the descriptive evaluations of all the other models to the specific levels, I can examine myself in far more depth and improve my quality of work consistently. Reflective practice is thinking or reflecting on what you do, it is learning from an experience and teaching you evaluation skills to examine your actions and reactions. Thinking about what has happened is part of being human but reflective practice differentiates between casual thinking and reflective practice, it requires a conscious effort to think about events and develop insights into them.Once you get into the habit of using reflective practice, it becomes a skill and you can develop it every day, in every type of situation. Feedback from others is a very important part of reflectivepractice, as you cannot always see what your own faults may be or you may not want to go steady what faults you have. Considering feedback as another opportunity to learn will develop your self-awareness and can start a process of change that will benefit anyone that you work with. For example, very early on in my healthcare career, I supported an elderly lady with learning disabilities, since her husband past away she would get very lonesome and ask to take to the woods a lot. Her social worker and advocate had taken her to see a few warden controlled apartments in a more communal building, but the lady did not like them and it gave her a severity experience of what she thought was available to her. I work in a few homes for elderly service users with learning disabilities and I invited my service user round for tea, so she could see a different miscellanea of living situation, a house share that could be available.Whilst the trip was successful in the way that the lady now knew of a different living arrangement, at a meeting shortly after, that involved other healthcare providers for the service user, I acquired feedback from the ladies advocate that showed my own faults and issues that wasnt within my capability to see. My intention had been misunderstand and Unknown to me the service user had wanted and was adamant, that a housemate was to move into her own home as she had a spare room this was not a suitable situation for another vulnerable adult to move into because of the service users regular change of behaviour, and the house shares have a carer on duty at all times.If I had informed and attained advice on this situation it could have been dealt with in a different way. My lack of knowledge and understanding of how my actions could been seen as something different for a service user made me evaluate at what level I went wrong and how to rectify this problem so it is not an issue in the future. The advocate commended m e on my thoughtfulness but advised certain aspects need to be considered when working with this particular service user. Trial and Error is always going to be a big part of my learning development, working with others there is always going to be the potential for harm, both physically and emotionally. It is irresponsible that practice changes as a result of these mistakes.

Communication and Presenting Information

What is brisk comprehend? Active trying is a psyches great power and allowingness to mind and get wind. Often we commonwealth talk to each nearly other. We might not listen at a eon beca habit lack of attentiveness, which can distract the loud utterer. In look supple listening can be called as responding to another person that develops mutual understanding. Active listening is process in which the attendee paraphrases in its own lyric poem what the vocalizer had said to confirm or clarify of accuracy of the message. Active listening involves listening with your head and your heart that is, you listen to the content of the message but also the feelings behind the message. The dexterity of energetic listening involves paying attention with empathy to the meeter, as opposed to distracted denying, cynical or ostrich behavior. New session leaders of alcoholics anonymous meetings be advised to. Take cotton form your ears and dumbfound it in your mouth. (Hogan, 2000) listen can wrongly be viewed as a passive drill the vocalizer talks and the tender listens. The listener is silent and passive and the speaker is quick and verbal.When the speaker finishes its talking, the assumption is that the message has been accurately received by the listener, with no observation participation or trend brisk listening statement. The intimately basic of all human needs is the need to be tacit. (Fujishin,1997) Listening does not mean just perk up sit with the mouth shut stirring at the person. A dead body can do that. It is an active process which requires participation to understand to the full the content of a converse. Listening actively involves clarifying, paraphrasing, giving feedback. Paraphrasing state in your own word what the speaker had said in the talk.It is sign of good listening. It delays the listener busy trying to understand and know that other person means rather than blocking. Clarifying it goes along with paraphrasing. It means as king questions until the listener get the indemnify picture. In order to understand fully what the speaker said. Clarifying assist the listeners to sharpen its listening counseling so that the listener hears much than vague generalities. Giving Feedback feedback is what active listening depends on. After paraphrasing and clarifying the listener gives an example what had been said and hopefully understands it.This is the point at which the listener can talk about re body process. In freely way the listener share its thought, felt or sensed. Active listening is really maven of the mostly physical and mentally challenging aspects of facilitation. Listening sometime does not come easy for some people not beca engagement they are not willing to listen but because they are not equal to(p) to do so. Actually their mind does not come up with the total picture because some people see the world in one dimension. This inability to listen using both ramp of the card can cause misinterpre tation, miscommunication and miscalculation.As a result the listener with in ability could not be able to deal with logic of a relationship and also with the unrestrained component part. Therefore this unbalanced use of brain often results in the inability of the listener understand all the essential signs form the person speaking. Therefore active listening require usage both side of brain. Unfortunately there are few people who are able to understand this fact who instead see this skill in one reflecting use of the both side of brain. Taking holistic approach toward listening requires special look into or rules on the part of the listener.The basis reason is that many listeners tend to fall into their own hold dear zones by in taking what they compulsion to hear and skipping rest of the important data and facts. As a result hearing selectively can lead to incorrect conclusion of data and information. Listening is same art were there are opportunities for huge errors. This i nformation is taken from the Source Kliem (2007) Effective Communications for cipher Management CRC Press Feature of active listening Active listening motivates the person to listen carefully which eventually motivates the speaker to talk effectively.Active listening helps the speakers to identify that whether the listener is taking afford to understand thing with any distraction and helps the listener to empty their doubt and revert back the message to the speaker in order to give idea that he as understood. The distraction is big treat piece listening and speaking, were the listener forgets the point or get miss leaded about speakers talk or message, were as speaker also gets frustrated and wont put his outflank effort. The active listener use both side of brain. They see the skill as one reflecting the use of the right or left side of the brain.The left side of the brain highlights facts, organizational, logical reasoning and persuasion and discipline and accuracy in though t. It is extremely goal and analysis oriented. Active listening exclusively from this rack can result in ignoring the important emotional message of the speaker for example the importance on calculating metric is left brain activity. Focusing on scheduling and cost performances index as a measure of success is a prime example of left brain reckoning. The right side of the brain highlights emotional and sensory view. Imaging and imagining are two quiet actions of this side of the brain.The importance is on nonverbal communication and impulsive behavior. Active listening from this view point can result in ignoring or skipping the important data and fact and being influenced by the speaker. Most common example of active listening is boards meeting of the company were each directors or shareholders as listener listen actively because e very(prenominal) decision raised in the company is important and should be planned in order to get hold of objective and goals. BARRIERS OF ACTIVE LI STENING Man inability to communicate is a result of his failure to listen effectively, skillfully and with understanding to other human beings. Carl roger,1850) The biggest barrier of the active listening is the unconscious nature of the process. When we listen to take in information from all of our sense continuously and for which automatic we give a meaning to what we take in. Responding without thinking for the first is easy, as there are some people who use very little of their full listening capacity because they do not intentionally put their full brawn into it. However there are barriers to listening beside the environmental barriers. Some of the common see barriers are invalidating and positive blow up there are certain words, sound, phrases gesture that can draw out an emotional response from the person. A positive trigger is phrases or word that produces a good feeling for the listener and negative trigger is a phrase or word that produces feeling much(prenominal) as a nger. The trigger causes when a person reacts before for thinking. The listener just by hearing few words has a preprogrammed understanding and response because the trigger cuts off the information gathering actions of the senses and can show the way to greatly mistaken estimation.This trigger interferes with the listeners listening because the listeners immediately change their attention to the emotions that they are experiencing. Any effective listener can identify their own trigger in order to gain their conscious control of their action and listen more effectively. ?Difference in word definition No two people have same meaning for the words or phrase. These differences in meaning can lead to misinterpreting and misunderstanding. A amenable person first check with the speaker and helps groups builds up harmony on the definition of important words and phrases. Personal issues every person has important personal issues beside the work life. Sometimes these issues want a huge atten tion and take a lot of energy which make the person tough to actively listen at some moment. A Responsible person first observes the effect of the personal issues and then takes time to deal with them. When it is time to listen, they intentionally remind themselves to use active listening process. For example a manager who is going through break up found it difficult to listen during board meeting.But his head was supportive and understanding however at that moment the manager should put his personal matters at a side and meet his obligations of the organization. ?Poor physical surroundings poor physical surrounding involves Noisy, distracting or disquieting places and situation make it hard to listen and also make it difficult to focus on what the speaker is explaining. ?Tiredness it becomes difficult to listen actively when a person is tried. Active listening requires active or alert mind and energetic body to considerate.A student in order to be active listener should get good night sleep before attending the early morning chew so that the student considerate without any tiredness. ?Filter Your beliefs, values, assumption, expectation, past experiences and interest all these things interfere with active listening. There are subtle and thus are hard to detect. For instant, think as if your enemy posing beside you, eventually you will be thinking some else rather that listening to the speaker. Importances of active listening Active listening is an important skill that can bring changes in people.Changes as such in attitude toward themselves and others and also bring changes in your vital value and physical philosophy. People who revert active listening skill are more emotionally mature, less defensive, have more experiences, more independent and less demanding. The people who listen sensitively tend to listen themselves with more care so they are make clear about what they are thinking and feeling. Some of common Importance of active listening is ? It he lps you to focus on one task without any distraction and enable you to get clear picture of what speaker try to explain. It helps you to develop your interest in listening and keep you active and alert. ?It keeps you way from misinterpretation and misunderstanding of idea of other person because understanding other person is very difficult. ?It helps to develops confide between listener and speaker. It isnt very often an individual is given the opportunity to share whats really on his mind or deep in his heart without be attacked and rescued. This is one of the most important rewards of actively listening for understanding where the speaker trusts you. Conclusion Listening well is an essential component of every successful person.Active listening takes a lot of energy and very irritating to reflect every statement during conversation. At some extend, it can drive person crazy. A person should keep active listening for those occasions when the person require clarifying the speakers message, the speaker want to feel understanding of listeners. Active listening just encourages a person to set aside the dogfight of self talk, in order to get mixed up with what the others are relating and to experience totally what they feeling. You will be shocked to discover that when you focus on your speaker rather than yourself, it become far easier for you to think of things to say.As said by Fritz Perls the pictures of the world do not enter us automatically, but selectively. We dont see, we look for, search, scan for something. We dont hear all the sounds of the world, we listen. References 1. Hoppe(2007) Active Listening Improve Your Ability to Listen and Lead London newspaper publisher Center for Creative Leadership 2. Ivey , Bradford Ivey & Zalaquett (2009) knowledgeable Interviewing and Counseling Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society Publisher Cengage Learning 3.Jones (2008) creation to Counselling Skills Text and Activities Publisher SAGE Pu blications Ltd. 4. Moyet(2005) Understanding the nursing process concept mapping and care planning for students Publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 5. Weaver & Farrell (1997) Managers as facilitators a practical guide to getting work make in a changing workplace Publisher Berrett-Koehler Publishers 6. Fujishin(2007) Creating effective groups the art of small group communication Publisher Rowman & Littlefield 7. Kliem(2007) Effective Communications for Project Management Publisher CRC Press 8.McKay, Davis & Fanning (2009) Messages The Communication Skills Book Publisher New Harbinger Publications 9. Spencer & Pruss (1997) The professional secretarys handbook Publisher Barrons Educational Series 10. Farrell & Weaver (2000) The Practical behave to Facilitation A Self-Study Resource Publisher Berrett-Koehler Publishers 11. Garner(1997) Conversationally speaking tested new ways to increase your personal and social effectiveness Publisher McGraw-Hill Professional 12. http//www. gord ontraining. com/artman2/uploads/1/ActiveListening_RogersFarson. pdf (accessed 6 august 2009)