Drug And Alcohol Use By Student Athletes Essays - Drinking Culture

Drug And Alcohol Use By Student Athletes The topic that I have chosen is student athletes' use of drugs and alcohol. I'm interested to see if the old theory that student athletes tend to stay away from these things still holds true today. From my own personal experience as a former high school and college football player, I doubt that this is true. I'd also like to find some studies that may compare student athletes to the general student body to see if there is a correlation of usage between these two groups. With the many stories of athletes being arrested for alcohol and drug abuse, I feel this information may be helpful in setting up a drug prevention program at the high school or middle school level. Carr et al. (1990) looked at the frequency of alcohol use, intoxication, and attitudes concerning adolescent alcohol abuse. They found that male high school athletes both use and abuse alcohol more frequently than do non-athletes. Also male non-athletes tend to abstain from alcohol use more than the athletes do. They found no difference in the frequency of use or abuse of alcohol by female athletes and non-athletes. There was also no difference in the frequency of alcohol consumption between male and female athletes. But three fourths of the male athletes reported getting intoxicated when consuming alcohol compared to half of the female athletes. The study by Tricker and Connolly (1997) examined the attitudes of athletes who were at risk for using steroids, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. They found that seventeen percent of the athletes surveyed felt that marijuana use was an acceptable way to cope with the pressures of sport. Also the main reason for athletes abstaining from drug use was their fear of getting caught, rather than personal health risks. Another big influence of athletes using or not using drugs was peer pressure from teammates. Shields' (1998) study looked at the in-season and off-season use of alcohol by high school athletes and also compared it to a similar study done w/ the same population in 1988. Overall, athletes are using alcohol less both in and off-season in the current study compared to 1988. Also they used less alcohol during their in-season than off-season. It was found that white athletes are 2.5 times more likely to use alcohol both in and off-season compared to black athletes. Hayes and Tevis (1977) looked for significant differences or relationships between high school athletes and non-athletes with respect to drinking behaviors and attitudes about alcohol use and abuse. They found non-athletes used alcohol more and were more tolerant of others using it compared to athletes. Overall, males had a more tolerant attitude than females toward temperate and irresponsible use of alcohol. There seemed to be a correlation between attitudes of irresponsible drinking and who drinks the most, being the more they drank the more tolerant their attitudes were. Overman and Terry (1991) compared the patterns of use and attitudes toward alcohol by college athletes and non-athletes. There was no significant difference between the drinking behaviors of athletes and non-athletes, though athletes did report drinking more beer. Athletes tended to limit drinking to weekends and special occasions, and seemed to think of it more as a celebration. Differences in drinking behaviors were found between black and white students with regards to choice of drink, frequency of drinking, problems caused by drinking. Ewing (1998) wanted to see if high school students who participated in athletics and a different pattern of marijuana use compared to non-athletes. He found male athletes are more likely to try marijuana and have used it more than their non-athlete counterparts. Female athletes are the opposite in that they use marijuana less than non-athletic females. But female athletes are more likely than non-athletes to wait until post-high school before trying it for the first time. Green et al. (1995) researched if there were psychological factors associated with alcohol use or non-use by high school athletes. They found that anger was a significant difference between athletes who use alcohol and those who don't. There were no other significant psychological differences found. The three main reasons athletes gave for drinking were to have a good time with friends, to celebrate, and to make

Result of the Black Plague on the West seen through Malthus essays

Result of the Black Plague on the West seen through Malthus essays Though the result of the Black Plague is initially deterioration, seen in Boccaccio's Decameron, the decline stimulates efforts at reform and renewal. In 1798 the English clergyman Thomas Malthus published the first edition of his influential Essay on the Principle of Population. In it, Malthus concludes that the plague does not end western culture. On the contrary, the plague allows it to flourish and ensures its survival. Boccaccio provides a wealth of information about the plague in his Decameron. The book is set in 1338, the year the plague struck Florence. Seven women and three men flee the plague in the city for the safety of a country villa. On their ten-day journey to the villa, each of the travelers entertains the others with a story. The result is a set of one hundred tales framed within the larger story of the travelers' journey. Boccaccio writes realistically and lyrically of the horror of the plague. He allows each of his characters a distinct voice to tell stories of charm, sadness, bawdiness, mystery, and drama. The plague and the death resulting from it are two major motifs in the Decameron. It can be argued that the Black Plague of 1338 and 1339 was the most devastating natural disaster to ever strike the European continent. The populations of some cities and villages as far removed from each other as in England and Italy fall by over seventy or eighty percent by the end of the plague. By 1420, Europe can only boast about a third of its population compared to what it could only one hundred years before. To truly understand the plague and its devastation, one must understand its origins. In the early 1340's, the plague moves westward along the silk route and penetrates the Mongol Khanate of the Golden Horde. Yet, it is still contained within the great Eurasian landmass. At this time, many Europeans begin to hear tales of a great plague from the Far East travelers. Most brush it off. Few take it ve...

Compare a commercial film with an auteur film (from the 2000s) Essay

Compare a commercial film with an auteur film (from the 2000s) - Essay Example The events in the while movie spout from this origin as Bruce goes through intense pain and mastery of fear in order to survive the high rate of crime in Gotham City. The same ways, Leonard goes through pain and fear after the death of his wife and undertakes to seek revenge. He goes through tough times, disappointment as he feels the efforts by the police are unfruitful and becomes very frustrated. Just like Bruce, Leonard suffers when seeking revenge as he suffers memory loss and this impedes his struggle to avenge for his wife. Eventually, he gets redemption as he kills the man who killed his wife. This paper seeks to compare the commercial film with an auteur film by focusing on â€Å"Dark knight† and â€Å"memento† both of which are directed by Nolan. â€Å"The Dark Knight† is a commercial film that turned out to be a gigantic blockbuster. The movie was based on a compelling comic book. The movies is set in medias res and revolves around, economic, social and political issues. The setting of the movie is very naturalistic to mirror the society and make the audience identify with the characters. The movie is set in the basement of Gotham police station in an interrogation room. The police station is a reflection of the police dramas and real police stations as he police offices have a desk with lots of files, records and desks. On the other hand, the interrogation room is isolated, grimy and dingy and only contains to chairs, a single metallic table and a lamp. This contrast is sued to show the harsh reality of crime life and to educate the audience of the luxury of freedom. The use of lighting is also important in enhancing the setting of this film. At the beginning of the film, the in interrogation room is very dark and t he joker is shown in a rather dim light that tends to alter his image. On the other hand, the face of Commissioner Gordon is not seen clearly as

Compensation of advertising Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Compensation of advertising - Research Paper Example On the other hand, advertisement is also viewed to be an important practice, as it provides the information related to the course of marketing, process of communication and more importantly marketing strategy that deemed to be essential for ensuring long-term growth and profitability. Mass media can be defined as the expanded media, which incorporates varied technologies to reach into masses through the mass communication process. Mass communication can be described as the study representing how individuals depend on the information through media to obtain any vital information about various objects. Both mass media and mass communication are important to consider in transferring information with using similar type of media (Advertising Educational Foundation, 2015). Mass communication helps an organization to transfer message to a group of people within a definite time. In relation to the above context, advertising can also be defined as the organized as well as collected mass communication information provided about the products or any other object through media. Advertising basically focuses on the group of public rather than considering an individual (Advertising Educational Foundation, 2015). The compensation method involves different models of pricing that are generally used for conducting varied sorts of activities that entail contextual advertising and associate marketing among others. The compensation method of advertising is identified to be different in this modern context as compare to earlier years. In earlier context, the ad agencies played the role of brokers without having any sort of directors as well as copywriters. There lay distinct types of compensation methods of advertising that entail pay- per sale, pay-per lead, pay-per call, pay-per install, pay- per click, pay- per action and pay-per method among others (Belch & Belch, 2003). Therefore, the advertisers are paid based on the above discussed several modes of compensation.

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Like Water for Chocolate Essay Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Squalevella Bantam Doubleday Dell Pub (Trd); ISBN: 0553472550 Copyright 1994 CHAPTER ONE. JANUARY. Chrutnuw Ro/ INGREDIENTS 1 can of arOin 1/2 choriw aaye oreyano 1 can of chitej rrano 10 haro ro PREPARATION: Take care to chop the onion fine. To keep from crying when you chop it (which is so annoying!), I suggest you place a little bit on your head. The trouble with crying over an onion is that once the chopping gets you started and the tears begin to well up, the next thing you know you just cant stop. I dont know whether thats ever happened to you, but I have to confess its happened to me, many times. Mama used to say it was because I was especially sensitive to onions, like my great-aunt, Tita. Tita was so sensitive to onions, any time they were being chopped, they say she would just cry and cry, when she was still in my greatgrandmothers belly her sobs were so loud that even Nancha, the cook, who was halfdeaf, could hear them easily. Once her wailing got so violent that it brought on an early labor. And before my greatgrandmother could let out a word or even a whimper, Tita made her entrance into this world, prematurely, right there on the kitchen table amid the smells of simmering noodle soup, thyme, bay leaves, and cilantro, steamed milk, garlic, and, of course, onion. Tita had no need for the usual slap on the bottom, because she was already crying as she emerged, maybe that was because she knew then that it would be her lot in life to be denied marriage. The way Nancha told it, Tita was literally washed into this world on a great tide of tears that spilled over the edge of t he table and flooded across the kitchen floor. That afternoon, when the uproar had subsided and the water had been dried up by the sun, Nancha swept up the residue the tears had left on the red stone floor. There was enough salt to fill a ten-pound sack-it was used for cooking and lasted a long time. Thanks to her unusual birth, Tita felt a deep love for the kitchen, where she spent most of her life from the day she was born. When she was only two days old, Titas father, my great-grandfather, died of a heart attack and Mama Elenas milk dried up from the shock. Since there was no such thing as powdered milk in those days, and they couldnt find a wet nurse anywhere, they were in a panic to satisfy the infants hunger. Nancha, who knew everything about cooking-and much more that doesnt enter the picture until later offered to take chargeof feeding Tita. She felt she had the best chance of `educating the innocent childs stomach, even though she had never mauled or had children. Though she didnt know how to read or write, when it came to cooking she knew everything there was to know. Mama Elena accepted her offer gratefully, she had enough to do between her mourning and the enormous responsibility of running the ranch and it was the ranch that would provide her children the food and education they deserved-without having to worry about feeding a newborn baby on top of everything else. From that day on, Titas domain was the kitchen, where she grew vigorous and healthy on a diet of teas and thin corn gruels. This explains the sixth sense Tita developed about everything concerning food. Her eating habits, for example, were attuned to the kitchen routine: in the morning, when she could smell that the beans were ready, at midday, when she sensed the water was ready for plucking the chickens, and in the afternoon, when the dinner bread was baking, Tita knew it was time for her to be fed. Sometimes she would cry for no reason at all, like when Nancha chopped onions, but since they both knew the cause of those tears, they didnt pay them much mind. They made them a source of entertainment, so that during her childhood Tita didnt distinguish between tears of laughter and tears of sorrow. For her laughing was a form of crying. Likewise for Tita the joy of living was wrapped up in the delights of food. It wasnt easy for a person whose knowledge of life was based onthe kitchen to comprehend the outside world. That world was an endless expanse that began at the door between the kitchen and the rest of the house, whereas everything on the kitchen side of that door, on through the door leading to the patio and the kitchen and herb gardens was completely hers-it was Titas realm. Her sisters were just the opposite: to them, Titas world seemed full of unknown dangers, and they were terrified of it. They felt that playing in the kitchen was foolish and dangerous. But once, Tita managed to convince them to join her in watching the dazzling display made by dancing water drops dribbled on a red hot griddle. While Tita was singing and waving her wet hands in time, showering drops of water down on the griddle so they would dance, Rosaura was cowering in the corner stunned by the display. Gertrudis, on the other hand, found this game enticing, and she threw herself into it with the enthusiasm she always showed where rhythm, movement, or music were involved. Then Rosaura had tried to join them-but since she barely moistened her hands and then shook them gingerly, her efforts didnt have the desired effect. So Tita tried to move her hands closer to the griddle. Rosaura resisted, and they struggled for control until Tita became annoyed and let go, so that momentum carried Rosauras hands onto it. Tita got a terrible spanking for that, and she was forbidden to play with her sisters in her own world. Nancha became her playmate then. Together they made up all sorts of games and activities having to do with cooking. Like the day they saw a man in the village plaza twisting long thin balloons into animal shapes, and they decided to do it with sausages. They didnt just make real animals, they also made up some of their own, creatures with the neck of a swan, the legs of a dog, the tail of a horse, and on and on. Then there was trouble, however, when the animals had to be taken apart to fry the sausage. Tita refused to do it. The only time she was willing to take them apart was when the sausage was intended for the Christmas rolls she loved so much. Then she not only allowed her animals to be dismantled, she watched them fry with glee. The sausage for the rolls must be fried over very low heat, so that it cooks thoroughly without getting too brown. When done, remove from the heat and add the sardines, which have been deboned ahead of time. Any black spots on the skin should also have been scraped off with a knife. Combine the onions, chopped chiles, and the ground oregano with the sardines. Let the mixture stand before filling the rolls. Tita enjoyed this step enormously, while the filling was resting, it was very pleasant to savor its aroma, for smells have the power to evoke the past, bringing back sounds and even other smells that have no match in the present. Tita liked to take a deep breath and let the characteristic smoke and smell transport her through the recesses of her memory. It was useless to try to recall the first time she had smelled one of those rolls-she couldnt, possibly because it had been before she was born. It might have been the unusual combination of sardines and sausages that had called to her and made her decide to trade the peace of ethereal existence in Mama Elenas belly for life as her daughter, in order to enter the De la Garza family and share their delicious meals and wonderful sausage. On Mama Elenas ranch, sausage making was a real ritual. The day before, they started peeling garlic, cleaning chiles, and grinding spices. All the women in the family had to participate: Mama Elena, her daughters, Gertrudis, Rosaura, and Tita, Nancha, the cook. And Chencha, the maid. They gathered around the diningroom table in the afternoon, and between the talking and the joking the time flew by until it started to get dark. Then Mama Elena would say: Thats it for today. For a good listener, it is said, a single word will suffice, so when they heard that, they all sprang into action. First they had to clear the table, then they had to assign tasks: one collected the chickens, another drew water for breakfast from the well, a third was in charge of wood for the stove. There would be no ironing, no embroidery, no sewing that day. When it was all finished, they went to their bedrooms to read, say their prayers, and go to sleep. One afternoon, before Mama Elena told them they could leave the table, Tita, who was then fifteen, announced in a trembling voice that Pedro Muzquiz would like to come and speak with her. After an endless silence during which Titas soul shrank, Mama Elena asked: And why should this gentleman want to come talk to me? Titas answer could barely be heard: I dont know. Mama Elena threw her a look that seemed to Tita to contain all the years of repression that had flowed over the family, and said: If he intends to ask for your hand, tell him not to bother. Hell be wasting his time and mine too. You know perfectly well that being the youngest daughter means you have to take care of me until the day I die. With that Mama Elena got slowly to her feet, put her glasses in her apron, and said in a tone of final command: . II Thats it for today. Tita knew that discussion was not one of the forms of communication permitted in Mama Elenas household, but even so, for the first time in her life, she intended to protest her mothers ruling. But in my opinion You dont have an opinion, and thats all I want to hear about it. For generations, not a single person in my family has ever questioned this tradition, and no daughter of mine is going to be the one to start. Tita lowered her head, and the realization of her fate struck her as forcibly as her tears struck the table. From then on they knew, she and the table, that they could never have even the slightest voice in the unknown forces that fated Tita to bow before her mothers absurd decision, and the table to continue to receive the bitter tears that she had first shed on the day of her birth. Still Tita did not submit. anxieties sprang to her mind. Doubts and the next week she didnt speak a single word to her. What passed for communication between them resumed when Mama Elena, who was inspecting the clothes each of the women had been sewing, discovered that Titas creation, which was the most perfect, had not been basted before it was sewed. Congratulations, she said, your stitches are perfect -but you didnt haste it, did you? No, answered Tita, astonished that the sentence of silence had been revoked. `Then go and rip it out. Baste it and sew it again and then come and show it to me. And remember that the lazy man and the stingy man end up walking their road twice. But thats if a person makes a mistake, and you yourself said a moment ago that my sewing was . Are you starting up with your rebelliousness again? Its enough that you have the audacity to break the rules in your sewing. Im sorry, Mami. I wont ever do it again. With that Tita succeeded in calming Mama Elenas anger. For once she had been very careful, she had called her Mami in the correct tone of voice. Mama Elena felt that the word Mama had a disrespectful sound to it, and so, from the time they were little, she had ordered her daughters to use the word Mami when speaking to her. The only one who resisted, the only one who said the word without the proper deference was Tita, which had earned her plenty of slaps. But how perfectly she had said it this time! Mama Elena took comfort in the hope For one thing, she wanted to know who started this family tradition. It would be nice if she could let that genius know about one little flaw in this perfect plan for taking care of women in their old age. If Tita couldnt marry and have children, who would take care of her when she got old? Was there a solution in a case like that? Or are daughters who stay home and take care of their mothers not expected to survive too long after the parents death? And what about women who marry and cant have children, who will take care of them? And besides, shed like to know what kind of studies had established that the youngest daughter and not the eldest is best suited to care for their mother. Had the opinion of the daughter affected by the plan ever been taken into account? If she couldnt marry, was she at least allowed to experience love? Or not even that? Tita knew perfectly well that all these questions would have to be buried forever in the archive of questions that have no answers. In the De la Garza family, one obeyedimmediately. Ignoring Tita completely, a very angry Mama Elena left the kitchen, and for that she had finally managed to subdue her youngest daughter. Unfortunately her hope was short-lived, for the very next day Pedro Muzquiz appeared at the house, his esteemed father at his side, to ask for Titas hand in marriage. His arrival caused a huge uproar, as his visit was completely unexpected. Several days earlier Tita had sent Pedro a message via Nanchas brother asking him to abandon his suit. The brother swore he had delivered the message to Pedro, and yet, there they were, in the house. Mama Elena received them in the living room, she was extremely polite and explained why it was impossible for Tita to marry. But if you really want Pedro to get married, allow me to suggest my daughter Rosaura, whos just two years older than Tita. She is one hundred percent available, and ready for marriage At that Chencha almost dropped right onto Mama Elena the tray containing coffee and cookies, which she had carried into the living room to offer don Pascual and his son. Excusing herself, she rushed back to the kitchen, where Tita, Rosaura, and Gertrudis were waiting for her to fill them in on every detail about what was going on in the living room. She burst headlong into the room, and they all immediately stopped what they were doing, so as not to miss a word she said. They were together in the kitchen making Christmas Rolls. As the name implies, these rolls are usually prepared around Christmas, but today they were being prepared in honor of Titas birthday. She would soon be sixteen years old, and she wanted to celebrate with one of her favorite dishes. Isnt that something? Your ma talks about being ready for marriage like she was dishing up a plate of enchiladas! And the worse thing is, theyre completely different! You cant just switch tacos and enchiladas like that! Chencha kept up this kind of running commentary as she told the others-in her own way, of course-about the scene she had just witnessed. Tita knew Chencha sometimes exaggerated and distorted things, so she held her aching heart in check. She would not accept what she had just heard. Feigning calm, she continued cutting the rolls for her sisters and Nancha to fill. It is best to use homemade rolls. Hard rolls can easily be obtained from a bakery, but they should be small, the larger ones are unsuited for this recipe. After filling the rolls, bake for ten minutes and serve hot. For best results, leave the rolls out overnight, wrapped in a cloth, so that the grease from the sausage soaks into the bread. When Tita was finishing wrapping the next days rolls, Mama Elena came into the kitchen and informed them that she had agreed to Pedros marriage-to Rosaura. Hearing Chenchas story confirmed, Tita felt her body fill with a wintry chill: in one sharp, quick blast she was so cold and dry her cheeks burned and turned red, red as the apples beside her. That overpowering chill a lasted a long time, and she could find no respite, not even when Nancha told her what she had overheard as she escorted don Pascual Muzquiz and his son to the ranchs gate. Nancha followed them, walking as quietly as she could in order to hear the conversation between father and son. Don Pascual and Pedro were walking slowly, speaking in low, controlled, angry voices. Why did you do that, Pedro? It will look ridiculous, your agreeing to marry Rosaura. What happened to the eternal love you swore to Tita? Arent you going to keep that vow? Of course Ill keep it. When youre told theres no way you can marry the woman you love and your only hope of being near her is to marry her sister, wouldnt you do the same? Nancha didnt manage to hear the answer, Pulque, the ranch dog, wentrunning by, barking at a rabbit he mistook for a cat. So you intend to marry without love? No, Papa, I am going to marry with a great love for Tita that willnever die. Their voices grew less and less audible, drowned out by the crackling of dried leaves beneath their feet. How strange that Nancha, who was quite hard of hearing by that time, should have claimed to have heard this conversation. Still, Tita thanked Nancha for telling her-but that did not alter the icy feelings she began to have for Pedro. It is said that the deaf cant hear but can understand. Perhaps Nancha only heard what everyone else was afraid to say. Tita could not get to sleep that night, she could not find the words for what she was feeling. How unfortunate that black holes in space had not yet been discovered, for then she might have understood the black hole in the center of her chest, infinite coldness flowing through it. Whenever she closed her eyes she saw scenes from last Christmas, the first time Pedro and his family had been invited to dinner1 the scenesgrew more and more vivid, and the cold within her grew sharper. Despite the time that had passed since that evening, she remembered it perfectly: the sounds, the smells, the way her new dress had grazed the freshly waxed floor, the look Pedro gave her . . . That look! She had been walking to the table carrying a tray of egg-yolk candies when she first felt his hot gaze burning her skin. She turned her head, and her eyes met Pedros. It was then she understood how dough feels when it is plunged into boiling oil. The heat that invaded her body was so real she was afraid she would start to bubble-her face, her stomach, her heart, her breasts-like batter, and unable to endure his gaze she lowered her eyes and hastily crossed the room, to where Gertrudis was pedaling the player piano, playing a waltz called the Eyes of Youth. She set her tray on a little table in the middle of the room, picked up a glass of Noyo liquor that was in front of her, hardly aware of what she was doing, and sat down next to Paquita Lobo, the De Ia Carzas neighbor. But even that distance between herself and Pedro was not enough1 she felt her blood pulsing, searing her veins. A deep flush suffused her face and no matter how she tried she could not find a place for her eyes to rest. Paquita saw that something was bothering her, and with a look of great concern, she asked: That liquor is pretty strong, isnt it? Pardon me? You look a little woozy, Tita. Are you feeling all right? Yes, thank you. Youre old enough to have a little drink on a special occasion, but tell me, you little devil, did your mama say it was okay? I can see youre excited-youre shaking and Im sorry but I must say youd better not have any more. You wouldnt want to make a fool of yourself. That was the last straw! To have Paquita Lobo think she was drunk. She couldnt allow the tiniest suspicion to remain in Paquitas mind or she might tell her mother. Titas fear of her mother was enough to make her forget Pedro for a moment, and she applied herself to convincing Paquita, any way she could, that she was thinking clearly, that her mind was alert. She chatted with her, she gossiped, she made small talk. She even told her the recipe for this Noyo liquor which was supposed to have had such an effect on her. The liquor is made by soaking four ounces of peaches and a half pound of apricots in water for twenty-four hours to loosen the skin1 next, they are peeled, crushed, and steeped in hot water for fifteen days. Then the liquor is distilled. After two and a half pounds of sugar have been completely dissolved in the water, four ounces of orange-flower water are added, and the mixture is stirred and strained. And so there would be no lingering doubts about her mental and physical well-being, she reminded Paquita, as if it were just an aside, that the water containers held 2.016 liters, no more and no less. So when Mama Elena came over to ask Paquita if she was being properly entertained, she replied enthusiastically. Oh yes, perfectly! You have such wonderful daughters. Such fascinating conversation! Mama Elena sent Tita to the kitchen to get something for the guests. Pedro happened to be walking by at that moment and he offered his help. Tita rushed off to the kitchen without a word. His presence made her extremely uncomfortable. He followed her in, and she quickly sent him off with one of the trays of delicious snacks that had been waiting on the kitchen table. She would never forget the moment their hands accidentally touched as they both slowly bent down to pick up the same tray. That was when Pedro confessed his love. Sen on to Tita, I would like to take advantage of this opportunity to be alone with you to tell you that I am deeply in love with you. I know this declaration is presumptuous, and that its quite sudden, but its so hard to get near you that I decided to tell you tonight. All I ask is that you tell me whether I can hope to win your love. I dont know what to say . give me time to think. No, no, I cant! I need an answer now: you dont have to think about love, you either feel it or you dont. I am a man of few words, but my word is my pledge. I swear that my love for you will last forever. What about you? Do you feel the same way about me? Yes! Yes, a thousand times. From that night on she would love him forever. And now she had to give him up. It wasnt decent to desire your sisters future husband. She had to try to put him out of her mind somehow, so she could get to sleep. She started to eat the Christmas Roll Nancha had left out on her bureau, along with a glass of milk, this remedy had proven effective many times. Nancha, with all her experience, knew that for Tita there was no pain that wouldnt disappear if she ate a delicious Christmas Roll. But this time it didnt work. She felt no relief from the hollow sensation in her stomach. Just the opposite, a wave of nausea flowed over her. She realized that the hollow sensation was not hunger but an icy feeling of grief. She had to get rid of that terrible sensation of cold. First she put on a wool robe and a heavy cloak. The cold still gripped her. Then she put on felt slippers and another two shawls. No good. Finally she went to her sewing box and pulled out the bedspread she had started the day Pedro first spoke of marriage. A bedspread like that, a crocheted one, takes about a year to complete. Exactly the length of time Pedro and Tita had planned to wait before getting married. She decided to use the yarn, not to let it go to waste, and so she worked on the bedspread and wept furiously, weeping and working until dawn, and threw it over herself. It didnt help at all. Not that night, nor many others, for as long as she lived, could she free herself from that cold. TO BE CONTINUED Next months recipe, Chabeta weooina Cake. CHAPTER TWO. FEBRUARY. Chabefa Wany Cake INGREDIENTS. 175 aranw refinco granetlate0 uyar 300 yram cake flour, fteo three tim 17eay arateo peel of one lime PREPARATION: Place five egg yolks, four whole eggs, and the sugar in a large bowl. Beat until the mixture thickens and then add two more whole eggs repeat, adding the remaining eggs two at a time until all the eggs have been added. To make the cake for Pedro and Rosauras wedding, Tita and Nancha had to multiply this recipe by ten, since they were preparing a cake not for eighteen people but for 180. Therefore, they needed 170 eggs,which meant they had to arrange to have that number of good eggs on thesame day. To get that number of eggs together, they preserved all the eggs laid by the best hens for several weeks. This preserving technique had been employed on the ranch since time immemorial to ensure a supply of this nourishing and indispensable food throughout the winter. The best time to preserve eggs is August or September. The eggs must be very fresh. Nancha preferred to use only eggs laid the same day. The eggs are placed in a cask containing crumbled sheep fodder, allowed to cool, and then covered completely. This will keep the eggs fresh for months. If you want them to keep for more than a year, place the eggs in an earthenware crock and cover them with a ten-percent lime solution. Cover tightly to keep the air out and store in the wine cellar. Tita and Nancha had chosen to use the first method because they didnt need to keep the eggs fresh for that many months. They had placed the cask containing the preserved eggs between them under the kitchen table and were taking the eggs out of it as they put the cake together. When she had beaten barely a hundred eggs, the phenomenal energy required for the task began to have a bad effect on Titas mood. To reach the goal of 170 seemed unimaginable. Tita beat the mixture while Nancha broke the eggs and added them to it. A fit of trembling shook Titas body and she broke out in goose bumps when each new egg was broken. The egg whites reminded her of the testicles of the chickens they had castrated the month before. Roosters that are castrated and then fattened up are called capons. The family had decided to serve capons at Pedro and Rosauras wedding because they would impress everyone with the quality of the dinner, as much for the amount of work required in their preparation as for the extraordinary flavor of the birds themselves. As soon as the date of the wedding was set for the twelfth of January, they ordered two hundred roosters to be bought for castrating and fattening up. This task fell to Tita and Nancha. Nancha because of her experience and Tita as punishment for feigning a headache to avoid her sister Rosauras engagement. I wont stand for disobedience, Mama Elena told her, nor am going to allow you to ruin your sisters wedding, with your acting like a victim. Youre in charge of all the preparations starting now, and dont ever let me catch you with a single tear or even a long face, do you hear?

Financial Analysis of Robert Mondavi :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Financial Analysis of Robert Mondavi Robert Mondavi Seeing that I have already made millions upon millions in my moderately successful modeling career, I have decided to turn my attention to investing my money in stock, in particular, Robert Mondavi. 1998 was a hard year for Mondavi, an unforeseen shortage of their most popular wine (Woodbridge Chardonnay- 55% of their revenues) and stiff competition from several new imported brands forced net income down almost $8,000, and cut their earnings per share by 78%. For 1999, Mondavi was forced to take several actions to achieve their objectives. This included redoubling focus on the two largest-volume brands, appointing their Chief Financial Officer to Chief Operating Officer, doubling media expenditures to $7.3 million, taking a $6 million charge to write-off excess inventory and streamline their workforce, creating Brand Teams to improve accountability and planning, and adopt FIFO method of inventory accounting to improve predictability earnings and improve the measurement of inventory value. Mondavi has apparently shown great results from the restructuring, the concentration on the two largest-volume brands have accounted for 20% of the growth of all U.S. varietal wines. They reported record gains in their first quarter report of 2000. The bottom line of the annual report for 1999 shows a 14% increase in net income. But is the company safe to invest in? Stable growth throughout 1995-97 showed net income bolt to $38,125, up 310%. But 1997 showed the risks involved with investing in a company that so heavily relies on natural resources (grapes). Shortages in supplies dropped net income by almost $8,000; earnings per share dropped .53 from 2.43 to 1.90. After analyzing the financial statement, I was able to determine several interesting aspects: a .52 debt ratio shows appeal to lenders; a current ratio of 6.31 is very impressive. Seeing that inventory is so unstable and subject to many natural extraordinary events, the more important acid test shows Mondavi has a comfortable, but less impressive ratio of 1.54. I have found that the financial statement for Robert Mondavi is not to my liking. The strange fonts and subdues colors Financial Analysis of Robert Mondavi :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Financial Analysis of Robert Mondavi Robert Mondavi Seeing that I have already made millions upon millions in my moderately successful modeling career, I have decided to turn my attention to investing my money in stock, in particular, Robert Mondavi. 1998 was a hard year for Mondavi, an unforeseen shortage of their most popular wine (Woodbridge Chardonnay- 55% of their revenues) and stiff competition from several new imported brands forced net income down almost $8,000, and cut their earnings per share by 78%. For 1999, Mondavi was forced to take several actions to achieve their objectives. This included redoubling focus on the two largest-volume brands, appointing their Chief Financial Officer to Chief Operating Officer, doubling media expenditures to $7.3 million, taking a $6 million charge to write-off excess inventory and streamline their workforce, creating Brand Teams to improve accountability and planning, and adopt FIFO method of inventory accounting to improve predictability earnings and improve the measurement of inventory value. Mondavi has apparently shown great results from the restructuring, the concentration on the two largest-volume brands have accounted for 20% of the growth of all U.S. varietal wines. They reported record gains in their first quarter report of 2000. The bottom line of the annual report for 1999 shows a 14% increase in net income. But is the company safe to invest in? Stable growth throughout 1995-97 showed net income bolt to $38,125, up 310%. But 1997 showed the risks involved with investing in a company that so heavily relies on natural resources (grapes). Shortages in supplies dropped net income by almost $8,000; earnings per share dropped .53 from 2.43 to 1.90. After analyzing the financial statement, I was able to determine several interesting aspects: a .52 debt ratio shows appeal to lenders; a current ratio of 6.31 is very impressive. Seeing that inventory is so unstable and subject to many natural extraordinary events, the more important acid test shows Mondavi has a comfortable, but less impressive ratio of 1.54. I have found that the financial statement for Robert Mondavi is not to my liking. The strange fonts and subdues colors

Dubbing and Subtitling

UNIT: Dubbing and Subtitling Structure 1. Objectives 1. Introduction 2. Dubbing in Global Media Industry 1. What is Dubbing 2. Difference between Dubbing and Voice-Over 3. Challenges of Dubbing 4. Necessity of Dubbing in Global Media Industry 1. 3 Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. What is Subtitling 2. Types of Subtitling 3. History of Subtitling 4. Challenges of Subtitling 5. Necessity of Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. 4 Difference between Dubbing and Subtitling 1. 5 Necessity of Dubbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. Summing up 1. 7 Glossary 1. 8 Further Readings 9. Check your Progress: Solutions . 1. Objectives After reading this unit, you will be able to: †¢ Describe the difference between Dubbing and Subtitling †¢ Demonstrate the growing demand of Dubbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry †¢ Describe the prospect of Dubbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry 3. Introduction In this unit we will discuss the concept and role of Du bbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry. We will try to differentiate Dubbing from Voice-Over. We will also discuss the difference between dubbing and subtitling. We will focus on the challenges in Dubbing and Subtitling. Apart from this, we will focus on the necessity and of Dubbing and Subtitling. Pictures have universal language. It is said that a picture is better than 1000 words. Films, Television and other video programs are the forms of pictures in which pictures are moved at a very high speed (24 to 48 frames per second) Since the beginning of Cinema, films have been a global commodity to be exported in other countries. Lumiere Brothers, who were among the pioneers of cinematography came to India to show their cinema to Indians and British. India’s First movie to be released was made by ‘Father of Indian cinema- Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (alias Dadasaheb Phalke). It was in 1913 when his film ‘Rajah Harischandra’ was released in theatres. It was a silent movie with no voice at all. Only pictures with body gestures. It was watched by the people of different states of India speaking different languages. So popular and hit was the movie that Phalke went on to make more than hundred movies. Movies of this silent Era (1913-1930) had dialogues through inter-lines which were often in English and two or three Indian Languages. And making a movie and showing it to the people of different places speaking different languages was not a problem. But when ‘Talkies’ came into the picture the issue of language rose there. Now it was not possible to make a movie in one language and show it to the people of different places speaking different languages. Had there been no voice in the movies, serials and other video format programs there would have not been any need writing this chapter at all. . 2 Dubbing in Global Media Industry 2. What is Dubbing In simple words Dubbing is the process of creating an alternate, synchronized soundtrack of the complete dialogue of any film, Television program or any other video program. Dubbing is the process through which soundtrack of a video production is replaced. The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers, who may be speaking a different language The video can a film or television program or any other video. In most of the cases dubbing is done to provide the new sound track to an already produced video in the language of the targeted audience. While doing so, the synchronization between the visuals and sound track is ensured. Dubbing helps the video to reach to a larger number of audiences of different language spread across the globe. . â€Å"Dubbing† also describes the process of an actor's re-recording lines spoken during filming and which must be replaced to improve audio quality or reflect dialog changes. This process is called  automated dialogue replacement, or  ADR  for short. Music is also dubbed onto a film after editing is completed. For instance, in India, there are hundreds of languages and dialects spoken by people living in different parts of the state. Every producer who produce any film or TV program or video advertisement wants to reach maximum number of audience Films, videos and sometimes video games are sometimes dubbed into the local  language  of a foreign market. Dubbing is common in theatrically released film,  television series, cartoons and  anime  given foreign distribution. 3. Difference between Dubbing and Voice-Over Dubbing is the process through which soundtrack of a video production is replaced, usually in the language other than the language of original production. Dubbing is the exact translation of the dialogues of the original language into the targeted language. For example a movie originally produced in Hindi is translated to Tamil and all the Hindi dialogues of the movie are translated and recorded in Tamil ensuring the synchronisation with the visuals of the original visuals. On the other hand Voice-over is process of provided detail of visuals in the sound track. Voice-Over is done in the language of production. 4. Challenges of Dubbing Languages, understood as the particular set of speech norms of a particular community, are also a part of the larger culture of the community that speak them. A community's ways of using language is a part of the community's culture, just as other shared practices are, it is way of displaying group identity Languages do not differ only in pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar, but also through having different â€Å"cultures of speaking Accent, articulation, enunciation, Intonation, stress, pause, rhythm according to the targeted language†¦. cultuaral aspects ,, different languages have different culture according to the place and society they are spoken in. 5. Necessity of Dubbing in Global Media Industry Glabalisation in late eighties and early nineties has opened the door of most of the countries for business of goods and services including the media business which includes entertainment as well. A movie produced in Hollywood is exported to different countries to be released in the theatres of those countries. The number of audience, who watch English movies, is not as high as the number of audience in local or regional language. In such scenarios it becomes imperative to dub the movie in the local language so that it may reach to larger number of audience. In this way dubbing is beneficial for the producer of the movie, local government and the audience who get the dubbed version of the Hollywood movie in their own language. Producer can maximise his profit, local government generates more revenue as entertainment tax and income tax and the local audience get the opportunity to enjoy the movie in their own language, which otherwise would not have been possible. 3. Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. 3. 1 What is Subtitling (an abbreviated version of the dialogue, which is projected on the screen) Subtitles  are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written  translation  of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added information to help viewers who are  deaf  and  hard-of-hearing  to follow the dialog, or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue or who have accent recognition problems. Television teletext subtitles, which are hidden unless requested by the viewer from a menu or by selecting the relevant  teletext  page (e. g. , p. 888), always carry additional sound representations for deaf and hard of hearing viewers. Teletext subtitle language follows the original audio, except in multi-lingual countries where the broadcaster may provide subtitles in additional languages on other teletext pages. Sometimes, mainly at  film festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing. Television subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing is also referred to as  closed captioning  in some countries. 2. Types of Subtitling 3. History of Subtitling 4. Challenges of Subtitling 5. Necessity of Subtitling in Global Media Industry Subtitling is the quickest and the cheapest method of translating content, and is usually praised for the possibility to hear the original dialog and voices of the actors. TV subtitles may be primarily for deaf people or those who are hard of hearing, but research has revealed they are used by six million people who have no hearing impairment Research by Ofcom, the media regulator, has found that of the 7. 5 million people who use TV subtitles, six million have no hearing impairment at all. (A BBC report on 31 March 2006) Global Language , Not all the films are made in English neither all the audience know English. Here arises the need for dubbing a movie into different languages so that it may reach to a larger number of audience. 3. Difference between Dubbing and Subtitling Though dubbing and subtitling both are done to reach to the audience of languages other than that in which the original production has been done. In many cases the subtitling is done in the language of production as well. This is to cater the needs of those who have hearing disabilities and for educational purposes. For example government of India promotes the process of subtitling in its programs on Doordarshan. Despite of having the above similarity Dubbing and Subtitling are different from each other in basic concept and activity. Dubbing is a process of creating an alternate, synchronized soundtrack of the complete dialogue on the other hand Subtitling is text version of the dialogue, which is projected on the screen, normally at the bottom of the screen. 1. 5 1. 6 Summing up 1. 7 Glossary 1. 8 Further Readings 1. Zatlin, Phyllis 2005 â€Å"Theatrical Translation & Film Adaptation† A Practitioner’s View. Clevedon, England: MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD 2. 3. 10. Check your Progress: Solutions